EXAMPLES

1) The exhaust valve of an internal combustion

engine using gasoline (C
8.26
H
15.5
) opened 40
before bottom dead center on the expansion
stroke. At the time of exhaust valve opening,
the working fluid has a composition of 14.83 %
CO
2
, 6.08 % CO , 8.00 % H
2
O , 0.15 % H
2
and
70.94 % N
2
on a mass basis. Assuming that the
products form an equilibrium mixture, find :
a) the volumetric composition of the
mixture,
b) the temperature of the mixture when
the exhaust valve opens.
a=5.02,b=3.24,c=6.62,d=1.13,T=1800 K
Mass % Molecular
weight MW
MASS/MW (MASS/MW)/

CO
2
14.83 % 44 .337 7.8%
CO 6.08 % 28 .217 5.06%
H
2
O 8.00 % 18 .444 10.37%
H
2
0.15 % 2 .75 17.5%
N
2
70.94 % 28 2.533 59.16%
=4.2815
2) A compression ignition engine is assumed
to burn C10.8H18.7 with a lower heating value
of 42000 kJ/kg. The excess air coefficient is
1.8 .The air temperature and pressure at the
beginning of combustion are 900 K and 5000
kPa respectively. The maximum cycle
pressure is 7000 kPa. The combustion
efficiency which includes the effect of heat
transfer is 0.7. Find the temperature at the
end of combustion.
1838 K
3) A fuel is burned with stoichiometric air in a spark ignition engine.
One kmole of this particular fuel requires 7.14 kmole of air and has a
lower heating value of 645728 kJ/kmol fuel. The combustion
efficiency (including the effect of heat transfer) is 0.7. The initial
temperature and pressure are 300 K and 90 kPa. The pressure at
the end of compression is 1565 kPa. The polytropic gas constant
during compression is 1.3. Find ;
a) The temperature at the start of combustion
b) The chemical formula of the fuel
c) The work done during the compression process.
The following average values can be used in the calculations :
(Cp ) = 30.04 kJ/kmol-K
(Cv) = 27.05 kJ/kmol-K
Q
LHV
= 44 000 kJ/kg

C
1 0865 .
H
1 638 .
a) 580 K

W=-286.53 kJ/kg mix
4) A two stroke cycle 4 cylinder diesel
engine has a brake thermal efficiency of 40
percent when operating at 3000 rpm and
producing 60 horsepowers. The engine fuel
may be approximated as C10.8H18.7 and
the air/fuel ratio is 27 kg air/kg fuel . The
volumetric efficiency of the engine is 80
percent. The ambient conditions may be
taken as 100 kPa and 288 K. Find the total
swept volume of the engine.
1485.6 cc
5) The operation of a 4 stroke cycle 6 cylinder engine is
approximated by an otto cycle. Under full load when the
engine is working at 3000 rpm, the following data is
given: The pressure and temperature of the working gas
at the start of compression is 90 kPa and 15
o
C. The
pressure at the end of compression is 1522 kPa. The
maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle are
4900 kPa and 1960
o
K and the temperature at the end of
the expansion stroke is 1095
o
K. For the working gas R
= 0.28 kJ/kg-K (average value for the whole cycle). Find
;
a) The compression work per kg of working gas.
b) The mean effective pressure of the cycle.
a) -249.51 kJ/kg
785.06 kPa
6) Find the heat loss during combustion for
a diesel engine with fuel (C10.8H18.7) and
excess air coefficient = 1.9. The
temperature and pressure at the start of
combustion are 900 K and 4000 kPa and at
the end of combustion are 1900 K and 6200
kPa respectively. The combustion efficiency
is 0.9 and the heating value of the fuel is
42500 kJ/kg at 0 K.
-5204.84 kJ/kg
For a fuel/air Otto cycle the pressure and
temperature at the start of compression
are 290 K and 90 kPa ad at the end of
compression are 599 K and 1673 kPa.
The temperature at the end of
combustion is 2500 K and the pressure at
the end of expansion is 420 kPa. The
excess air coefficient is 1.1 and the fuel
used is C8H18 Find the mean effective
pressure.
GIVEN
T1 = 290 K REQUIRED
P1 = 90 K Pe = ?
P2 = 1673 kPa
T2 = 599 K
T3 = 2500 K
P4 = 420 kPa
Alpha = 1,1
FUEL
N = 8
M = 18
M
f
= 114

( )
( )
'
2 2 2 2
'
2 2 18 8
'
2 2 2 2
'
2 2 18 8
N . 88 , 51 O . 25 , 1 O H 9 CO 8
N . 88 , 51 O . 75 , 13 H C
N .
2
L
4
M
N 773 , 3 O .
2
L
4
M
N 1 O H
2
M
NCO
N . 773 , 3 O .
2
L
4
M
N H C
+ + +
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ o + +
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ o +
2 1
e c
s
net
e
v v
W W
v
W
P
) r ( Ln
P P Ln
n
T P
T P
r
r
v
v
P
T R
v
1 2
c
2 1
1 2
1
2
1
1 R
1
4 4 3 3
e
e
2 2 1 1
c
c
v P v P
1 n
1
W
v P v P
1 n
1
W
r = 9,00
n
c
= 1,33
n
e
= 1,30
M
R
= 30,24 kg/kmol
M
P
= 28,73 kg/kmol
R
R
= 0,2749 kJ/kg-K
R
P
= 0,2895 kJ/kg-K
v1 = 0,8859 m
3
/kg
v2 = 0,0984 m
3
/kg
vs = 0,7875 m
3
/kg
P3 = 7352 kPa
W
c
= -257 kJ/kg
W
e
= 1161 kJ/kg
W
net
= 904 kJ/kg
Pe = 1148 kPa

Ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) is mixed into the air/fuel mixture of a
spark ignition engine in the inlet manifold such that 20 % of
the energy supplied by the fuel is from ethanol. The gasoline
contains 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen on a mass basis
and has a molecular weight of 113 kg/kmol. The heating
value of gasoline is 44 MJ/kg. and the heating value of
ethanol is 27 MJ/kg
R
o
= 8.314 kJ/kmol-K
atomic weights; C :12 , H = 1, O: 16
molecular weights; O
2
: 32 , N
2
: 28.16
a) Write chemical equation representing the stoichiometric
combustion reaction based on one mole of mixed fuel
b) Calculate the theoretical air/fuel ratio of the mixture.
c) Calculate the specific gas constant of the mixture.
Ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) is mixed into the air/fuel mixture of a
spark ignition engine in the inlet manifold such that 20 % of
the energy supplied by the fuel is from ethanol. The gasoline
contains 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen on a mass basis
and has a molecular weight of 113 kg/kmol. The heating
value of gasoline is 44 MJ/kg. and the heating value of
ethanol is 27MJ/kg
R
o
= 8.314 kJ/kmol-K
atomic weights; C :12 , H = 1, O: 16
molecular weights; O
2
: 32 , N
2
: 28.16
a) Write chemical equation representing the stoichiometric
combustion reaction based on one mole of mixed fuel
b) Calculate the theoretical air/fuel ratio of the mixture.
c) Calculate the specific gas constant of the mixture.
GIVEN REQUIRED
Fuel : Ethanol+Gasoline
a) x,y,C1,C2
Ethanol : (C
2
H
5
OH)
b) A/F
N1 = 2
c) R
mix

M1 = 6
L1 = 1
MW
E
= 46 kg/kmol
Q
LE
= 27 MJ/kg the heating value of ethanol is 27 MJ/kg
(20 % of the energy supplied by the fuel is from ethanol)
Gasoline : contains 85 % carbon and 15 % hydrogen on a mass basis
C : 0,85
MW
G
= 113 kg/kmol (from Tables)
H : 0,15
Q
LG
= 44 MJ/kg The heating value of gasoline is 44 MJ/kgMJ/kg
O
f
: 0
( )
2 C 1 C y x
16 . 28 . 2 C 32 . 1 C M . y M . x
M and
M
R
R
2 C 1 C F / A or
M . y M . x
16 . 28 . 2 C 32 . 1 C
F / A
1 C 773 . 3 2 C
2
2 L
4
2 M
2 N . y
2
1 L
4
1 M
1 N . x 1 C
x 1 y and
Q . M . 4 Q . M
Q . M
x
Q . M . 4 Q . M . x Q . M
Q . M . x . 4 Q . M . x Q . M
Q . M . x . 4 Q . M ). x 1 (
Q . M . x . 4 Q . M . y
1 y x
products N . 2 C O . 1 C O H yC O H C . x
G E
mix
mix
o
mix
VOL
MASS
G E
LE E LG G
LG G
LE E LG G LG G
LE E LG G LG G
LE E LG G
LE E LG G
'
2 2 2 L 2 M 2 N 1 L 1 M 1 N
+ + +
+ + +
= =
+ =
+
+
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
+
=
+ =
=
=
=
= +
+ + +
20 % of the energy supplied by
the fuel is from ethanol
ratio 1:4
x = 0,50
N2= 8,00
y = 0,50
M2= 16,95
C1 = 7,62
L2 = 0,00
C2 = 28,75
A/F = 13,25
mass basis
M
mix
= 30,32 kg/kmol
R
mix
= 0,274 KJ/kg-K

Find the heat loss during combustion for a
diesel engine with fuel (C
10.8
H
18.7
) and
excess air coefficient
a
= 2.3. The
temperature and pressure at the start
of combustion are 950 K and 4500
kPa and at the end of combustion are
1800 K and 6500 kPa respectively.
The combustion efficiency is 0.9 and
the heating value of the fuel is 42500
kJ/kg at 0 K.
GIVEN
P2 = 4500 kPa
P4 = 6500 kPa
T2 = 950 K
T3 = 1800 K
FUEL
N = 10,8
M = 18,7
L = 0
QL = -42500 kJ/kg
Tr = 0 K
o = 2,3
C.Eff. = 0,9

REQUIRED
Qr-p = ?

1
2
3
4
5
'
2 2 2 3 2 2
'
2 2 2 1 L M N
N C O C O H
2
M
CO . N
N C O C O H C
SOLUTION

C1 = 35,59

C2 = 134,29

C3 = 20,12

n
R
= 169,88 kmol/kmolf

n
P
= 174,56 kmol/kmolf

Mwf = 148,3 kg/kmolf

1 C
1
3 C
1 C 773 . 3 2 C
2
L
4
M
N 1 C
o
o
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ o =
a= 2.3.
IF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
EXCLUDES HEAT TRANSFER
R P L R P R P
Q Q U U W + = + , A A
T T
R R
'
T T
R P
'

IF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY

I NCLUDES HEAT TRANSFER
U Q U W
R L P R P
T T
R R
'
T T
R P
'

U n u
R
i i
R
U n u
P i i
P
Int O2 = 724864 kJ/kmolf
Int N2 = 2834132 kJ/kmolf
Delta UR = 3558996 kJ/kmolf
Int CO2 = 671263 kJ/kmolf
Int H2O = 532484 kJ/kmolf
Int O2 = 864006 kJ/kmolf
Int N2 = 5779836 kJ/kmolf
Delta UP = 7847590 kJ/kmolf
R o R P o P P R
T R n T R n W =
R
W
P
=674158,8 kJ/kmolf
Delta UR = 3558996 kJ/kmolf
Delta UP = 7847590 kJ/kmolf
C.EffxQL = 5672475 kJ/kmolf
R
W
P
= 674158,8 kJ/kmolf
Qr-p = -709722 kJ/kmolf
Qr-p = -4786 kj/kg fuel

L R P R P P R
P R P R L P R
Q U W U Q
W U U Q Q
, + A + A =
+ A = A + ,
For a fuel/air Otto cycle the pressure and
temperature at the start of compression are 300 K
and 90 kPa; at the end of compression are
610 K and 1804 kPa ; at the end of
combustion are 2500 K and 8223 kPa and at
the end of expansion are 1317 K and 439 kPa.
The air coefficient is 0.8 and the fuel used is
gasoline (C
8,26
H
15,5
).
a) Find the specific gas constant of the products
of combustion.
b) Find the mean effective pressure for the
cycle.

GIVEN
P1 = 90 kPa
T1 = 300 K
T2 = 610 K
P2 = 1804 kPa
T3 = 2500 K
P3 = 8223 kPa
T4 = 1317 K
P4 = 439 kPa
FUEL
N = 8,26
M = 15,5
L = 0
o = 0,8

REQUIRED
a) R
p
= ?
b) P
e
= ?
1
2
3
4
SOLUTION
'
2 2 2 2 2
'
2 2 2 1 L M N
N C H . d O H . c CO . b CO . a
N C O C O H C
4 C
2
M
5 C
N 2 3 C 4 C
L 1 C 2 3 C
1 C 773 . 3 2 C
)
2
L
4
M
N ( 1 C
=
=
+ =
=
+ o =
C1 = 9,71
C2 = 36,63
C3 = 19,42
C4 = 2,90
C5 = 4,85
b 5 C d
b 4 C c
b N a
A 2
AC 4 B B
b
5 C . N . Kp C
4 C ) 5 C N ( Kp B
1 Kp A
2
=
+ =
=

=
=
+ + =
=
'
2 2 2 2 2
'
2 2 2 1 L M N
N C H . d O H . c CO . b CO . a
N C O C O H C
Log KP = 0,783
KP = 6,07
A = 5,07
B = 82,46
C = 243,27
b = 3,87
a = 4,39
c = 6,77
d = 0,98

n
R
= 47,34 kmol/kmolf
n
P
= 52,64 kmol/kmolf
Mwf = 114,6 kg/kmolf
M
P
= 27,67 kg/kmol
R
P
= 0,3004 kJ /kg-K
M
R
= 30,77 kg/kmol
R
R
= 0,2702 kJ/kg-K
r = 9,86
n
c
= 1,31
n
e
= 1,28
W
c
= -270 kJ/kg
W
e
= 1267 kJ/kg
W
net
= 997 kJ/kg
v
1
= 0,9005 m
3
/kg
v
2
= 0,0914 m
3
/kg
v
s
= 0,8092 m
3
/kg
P
e
= 1232 kPa