Development in Science and Technology:

Information Technology and Computer-Aided Instruction

Reported by: Hedeliza T. Martin MAED II

Science and Technology

Definitions: Science is a way of practicing knowledge, as well as the knowledge itself. Technology is defined as the scientific methods and materials used to achieve industrial objectives. How are Science and Technology Related? Science and Technology are linked hand in hand. Science is the studies, trials and successes of experiments and intellectual activity in the real world, whereas, technology is the application of science, particularly to attain industrial or commercial objectives.

Development of Science and Technology

History of Science describes and explains the birth, growth, and possible decay of its subjects of study this is done with the help of historical sources, and by using various explanatory factors
History of Technology machine history The influence of technology on society Technology as an agent of change in world history Which factors have shaped development of technology? Cultural, political, economical

Types of Technology
1. Administrative: The equipment which is used to perform to support the administrative functions of the program such as telephones, photocopiers, fax machine and so on

Types of Technology
2. Instructional Technology: In this type we will be looking primarily at instructional technology. So there are many types, the basics include are described below: Television: There are many channels and individual shows which is accessed by cable as well as satellite. Cable channel are less expensive than satellite. So due to the help of technology people can visit different places by not going to that place. Technology is one the basic needs of people.

Types of Technology
Computer: Now a days computer make our world more smaller and smaller due to which we can talk LIVE to different people of the world. Computer plays an important role to technology. Due to computer many other things are being used such as printer, cameras and so on. Technology gives a new rise to a things and computer helps to work it properly.

Types of Technology
3. Information Technology: The study, design and development of computer-based information systems that deals with electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information. Now a days many people used to read information technology with is a type of technology. When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology. So information technology is a basic part of technology.

Types of Information Technology

E-mail and instant messaging is the oldest type of computer telecommunications. The first e-mail services to send only todays text, images, audio files, and send other types of information disseminated. This type of large files like videos, are usually among other things, too much data for most email services. Unlike email, instant messaging back and forth with other users ensures a faster change. This is mainly for text and simple graphics are available, sending links to those files, like video, large files directly through instant messaging to others.

Types of Information Technology

Video Chat allows other users video chat face to face communication. As instant messaging is the exchange takes place in real time. However, the technique is one of the most demanding in terms of the amount of data to transmit. Can not therefore be used as an Internet computer and reliable. At least at least 1 megabit per second, a webcam and an Internet connection, you must have. If your computer when you least 1 GHz processor and 1 GB of RAM you have is best.

Types of Information Technology

Voice over Internet Protocol systems, voice calls are to activate. The experience of a microphone, speakers and have the capacity provided through the Internet from any computer, you can connect outside of it as a search for a traditional phone call. If you have a Pocket PC is usually free, can be an attractive alternative to a mobile phone VoIP services.

Types of Information Technology

Social networking sites as a unique service combines the talents of many telecommunications. Overall, the service provides a user interface that provides access to several of these technologies. This e-mail, instant messaging, video chat and several bulletin boards can post text, photos, or include some prerecorded videos. Despite these services elsewhere, social networking sites when they are open to the service to contact you in many ways, so that the visibility of other users of your choice.

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)

Computer Assisted Instruction or CAI is instruction by means of a computer. Computers are a familiar sight in classrooms in the twenty-first century, and technology has been used to streamline many educational tasks.
There are different types of educational computer use, and not every use of a computer in the classroom is considered computer-assisted instruction. The educational uses of computers that are considered to be computer-assisted instruction (CAI) or computer-based instruction (CBI) are those cases in which either instruction is presented through a computer program to a passive student, or the computer is the platform for an interactive and personalized learning environment.

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)

Within the broad definition, computer-assisted instruction may follow different paths to the same end. One example is how computer-assisted instruction is used in relation to other teaching presentations. CAI can be used either in isolation, bearing the whole responsibility for conveying instruction to students, or in combination with conventional, i.e., face-to-face, teaching methods. Research has shown that the combination of conventional and CAI instruction has been most effective in raising student achievement scores.

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)

(CAI) is a self-learning technique, usually offline/ online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. (CAI) uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to help a student in all areas of the curriculum.

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)

Typical CAI provides: 1. text or multimedia content 2. multiple-choice questions 3. problems 4. immediate feedback 5. notes on incorrect responses 6. summarizes students' performance 7. exercises for practice

Types of Computer-Aided Instruction

1. Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery. 2. Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games and simulation. 3. Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat the computer. 4. Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the expense of real life or its risks. 5. Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data. 6. Problem Solving This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies.

Advantages of (CAI)
one-to-one interaction great motivator freedom to experiment with different options instantaneous response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learns Individual attention learn more and more rapidly multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory approach self directed learning students can decide when, where, and what to learn

Disadvantages of (CAI)
may feel overwhelmed by the information and resources available over use of multimedia may divert the attention from the content learning becomes too mechanical non availability of good CAI packages lack of infrastructure

References
http://www.infotech.oulu.fi/GraduateSchool/ICourses/2006 /phd/lecture_kallinen.pdf http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold//papers/cai.pdf http://www.vblite.org/types-of-information-technology.html http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol9Num3/pdf/Galvis.pdf http://www.atlantispress.com/php/download_paper.php?id=7202 http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/m/pdfs/fedres/20130319-fuse-tr.pdf http://www.csiic.ca/PDF/Godin_8.pdf http://www.esllibrary.com/pdf/lessons/1026.type1.28012013.pdf http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-computer-assistedinstruction http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-computer-assistedinstruction.htm http://wikieducator.org/Computer_Assisted_Instruction_(C AI)

Thank you!