DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster:Disaster (or) calamities is a geographical process and is defined as an event , concentrated in time and space, In which a society, or sub-division of a society undergoes severe danger and causes loss of its member and physical property

Types of disaster: Natural disaster :Examples:cyclones,floods,earthquakes,landslides,etc.. Man-made disaster:Examples:accidents,pollution,fire,etc

Important disasters Floods Cyclones Landslides Earth-quake Tsunami

Flood: Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks, the excess of water over flows on the surrounding causes floods..

Causes of flood:-

1.heavy rain 2.sudden snow melt 3.sudden and excess release of water in dams 4.human activities 5.deforestation.

Effects of floods:1.Suffering to poeples,by washing away the houses and properties 2.Damage standing crops and livestock 3.Economic loss and health problems due to widespread contamination

Preventive measures: Encroachment of flood ways should be banned Building walls over flood plains Diverting excess water through channels River-networking in the country Optical and microwave data from IRS is also used for flood management

Cyclones:Cyclone is a meteorological phenomena, intense depressions forming over the open oceans and moving towards the land. on reaching the shores, it move into the interior of the land or along the shore lines.

Occurrence:Tropical cyclones in the warm oceans are formed because of heat and moisture. the main requirement of formation of tropical cyclone is that the sea surface temperature must be below 25.c.the tropical cyclones move like a spinning top at the speed of 10-30 km/hour.

Effects of cyclones:1.Damage to human life,crops,roads,transport,comm unications,tanks,canals,livestoc k could he heavy 2.Cyclone occurrence slow down the developmental activities of the area.

Preventive measures: radar system is used to detect the cyclone and is being used for cyclone warning. Satellite images are used by meteorological departments for forecasting the weather conditions. It is difficult to stop the formation of cyclones, but the effect of which is minimized by planting more trees on the coastal belt, construction of dams,dykes,embankments wind breaks.

Landslides:The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock,mud,soil and debris from higher region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.

Causes: Down hill movement of earth is mainly caused by rain, lubricating the various layers or making the slope too steep Movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sloppy regions. Earthquakes,shocks,vibrations,and cyclones. Underground sediments and underground minning.

Effects of landslides: Blocks the road and diverts the passage Erosion of soil increases Sudden landslides damage the houses, crop yield, live stocked

Preventive measures: Unloading the upper part of slope Improving the cultivation in tha sloopy region Steepness of the slope can be reduce by developing benches Concrete support can be made at the base of the slope Soil stabilization using some chemicals.

EARTH QUAKE:An earthquake is an sudden vibration caused on the earths surface due to the sudden release of tremendous amount of energy stored in the rocks under the earths crust.

Causes of earthquake: volcanic eruptions Hydrostatic pressure of reservoirs,dams,and lakes Underground nuclear testing Decrease of underground water level.

Preventive measures: Earthquake-resistant buildings in the earthquake prone areas Wooden houses are preferred Seismologist should analyze the pattern of micro seismicity and indicate the possibility of occurrence of earthquakes in a potential area.

Tsunami:A tsunami is a large wave that are generated in a water body when the sea floor is deformed by seismic activity. this activity displaces the overlying water in the ocean.

Causes of tsunami:Seismic activities like earthquakes,landslides,volcanic eruption,explosions Deformation of the sea floor due to the movement of plates

Relation between earthquakes and tsunamis: Tsunami is generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water.technoic earthquakes are associated with the earths crystal deformation.when the earthquake occurs beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. waves are gnerated,when the displaced water mass regains its equilibrium.

Effects of tsunami
Tsunami attacks mostly the coastlines,causing devastating property, damage and loss of life. Tsunami can kill lot of human beings,livestocks,stc. Tsunami may also spread lot of water borne diseases.

Tsunami management: Step 1:earthquakes under the water ,are monitored by sensors on the floor of the sea. Step 2:the sensors send the information of floating buoys on the surface ,whenever they detect any changes in pressure of the sea. Step 3:the information is then relayed to satellites, which passes it on to the earth stations.

 Step 4:all member nations of the warning system are then warned of the danger approaching. Step 5:finally the country make the people alert through the media to take all necessary precautions.

Thank you..
By: R.Gayathri.. S.Indhu