Making it Digital

By Novy Hapsari

Introduction
This chapter talks about how to turn an analog signal into a digital one, a process called source coding. So many naturally occurring sources of information are analog (human speech,for example), and we want to make them digital signals so we can use a digital communication system. Process of source coding, include: - sampling - quantizing - Coding

Sampling
The key first step in turning any analog signal to a digital one is called sampling. Sampling is the changing of an analog signal to samples (or pieces) of itself. There are three methods of sampling: 1. ideal sampling, or impulse train sampling.

Ideal sampling
Next, theres the Nyquist rate, fN . The Nyquist rate is the smallest sampling rate, fs, that can be used if you want to recover the original signal from its samples. where f N=2 fM . Finally, theres the word aliasing. you see what happens when we sample at a rate of f s<2 f M . As you can see, in this case, in X s (f), there is an overlapping of the X(f) component s with the X( f f ) component. As a result, Xs(f) the original X( f ) is no longer preserved. The overlapping of X(f) and X (f fs) is called aliasing.

Sampling (2)
2. zero-order hold sampling Heres an important notethe ideal sampling effects can only be undone if we sample at f > 2 f M . So again, as long as f > 2 fs s M then all the effects of the sampling can be undone.

Sampling (3)

Sampling (4)
3. Another practical method to sample speech signal x(t) is natural sampling. Here, incoming speech signal x(t) multiplied by a signal called p(t). This p(t) is made up of a bunch of tall, skinny, rectangular shapes of height 1/T and width T; these tall skinny rectangles are spaced Ts seconds apart.

Quantization
The next operation carried out in source coding is called quantization, and the device which does it is called a quantizer. In words, a quantizer is a device that maps the amplitude of the incoming signal to the nearest allowed level.

Quantization (2)
at any moment of time, the quantizer performance can be measured by the error signal Specifically, we assume that we can determine (and we usually can) how likely it is that a particular amplitude comes into the quantizer; that is, we assume we know the probability density function of the amplitudes coming into the quantizer, p x ( ), where x is the incoming amplitude. The second overall measure of quantizer performance is signal to quantization noise ratio, or SQNR for short

PCM
Because there are other ways to build source coders, as well see later, this source coder is given a ver y particular namethe pulse code modulator (PCM). Youll probably recall that the source coder is a device that maps an analog input into a digital output. One way to build it, called the PCM,

PCM (2)

Reference
Nassar, Carl, Telecommunication Demystified, 2001