Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Administration
Course content Class Class notes Assessment -Homework assignments and solutions Final Exam Labs Others : Collaborative work, attitude, communication, learning through variation and creativity and new ideas.
Variation
We only learn because of variation when something new or different challenges our pre-conceived ideas What we learn depends on the variation we have experienced
Common marine engineering terms Safe working practice onboard ships Type of Merchant ships Type of Naval ships Type of auxiliary crafts Shipboard systems Engine room and Machinery layout
Course Navigation
-
Marine engineering terms and system Operating principle, characteristics and classification of marine engines and supporting systems Principle of operation ships auxiliary machineries system Marine electrical power generation and distribution system Marine propulsion system
Effort to apply mechanical power to propulsion and operation of ship since eighteen century as never been easy.
Why?
Design requirement
Because ship is a have never been a simple product It require exceptional number of specialization to plan ,design and build a ship This make maritime technology distinctive integrated technology in part of many engineering disciplines require for the design of system of transport, exploration, naval craft which have one thing in common. What ?
Design requirement
Operate on the surface of water The field of engineering under maritime technology naval architecture and marine engineering is with at least the following: Inland waterway and ocean transportation Naval engineering Ocean engineering Contention between naval architecture and marine engineer in system design
1. Common terms
Common terms
Ships Vessels Submarines Tugs Ferries Boats Class societies & Mardep Propulsion system
Auxiliary Power system Air system SW system FW system Fuel system Hospitality systems Navigation and steering system
Ship is a floating and moving object Subject to flooding, rolling & Pitching Limited space for machinery Operates away from shore facilities No neutral line to earth
Types of Ships
Merchant ships Bulk carriers Oil Tankers Chemical tankers LNG tankers Container ships Passenger liners Auxiliary Vessels Tugs Ferries Support vessels Barges
Naval Ships Frigates Destroyers Cruisers Aircraft carriers Patrol crafts Survey ships Submaries
Merchant Ship
Hydrodynamic Support
- Hydrofoil - HYSWAS (HYdrodynamic Small Waterplane Area Ship) -Planning Hull
Hydrostatic Support
- Conventional Ship - Catamaran
Submarine
- Submarine - AUV/ROV
SES Ferry
Destriero
Ship
HYSWAS Quest
Hydroplane vessel
Catamaran/Trimaran - twin hull - other characteristics are similar to the SWATH Submarine
SWATH vessel
4. Shipboard systems
Shipboard systems
Propulsion system
contd
Sea Water system Fire fighting system Pumping and flooding system FW system Aircon and ventilation system FW system Cargo system Navigation system and steering
S/W OUT
JKT. WA TER COOLING P /P S CYLINDER B LOCK & CYLINDER HEA D DISTRIB UTION M A NIFOLD S/W IN
HEA TER
S/W OUT
P ISTONS DISTRIB UTION M A NIFOLD P ITON WA TER P ISTON WA TER COOLING P /P S COOLER
S/W IN
P ISTON DRA IN TA NK
TEMPERATURE
CYLINDER LUB RICA TION B OXES
CONTROL VALVE
FINE FILTERS
M A IN B EA RING & CRA NKP IN DISTRIB UTION M A NIFOLD
STRAINERS
MAGNETIC FILTERS
STEAM HEATING
JA CKET
PISTON WATER
COOLER
P ILOT VA LVE
A IR B OTTLE No 1 OR RESERVOIR No 2
A IR DISTRIB UTOR
M A IN A IR COM P RESSORS
No 1
No 2
STEAM ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE
TWO STROKE
CATERGORIES
Steam Turbine Engine Gas turbine engine Steam Engine Diesel engine
Prime movers
Gas Turbines Gas turbine have been selected as the future prime mover primarily because of their high power to weight ratio. 4. Weight sensitive ship designs favor gas turbines and projected light weight fuel cell power plants such as PEM. They also provide significant reduction in the amount of routine maintenance required when compared with diesel generators. The other significant factor is the low emissions.
Diesel engine Diesel engines offer fuel costs savings of 50% if heavy fuels can be used, and if emissions can be maintained at acceptable levels. Maintenance may include engine modifications such as dual fuel capability for in-port use, water injection, and timing retard, and exhaust treatment such as selected catalytic reduction and oxidation catalysts. Heavy fuel use also requires careful selection of cylinder material and lube oil
Turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a flow of hot gas produced by combustion of gas or fuel oil in a stream of compressed air. It has an upstream air compressor radial or axial flow mechanically coupled to a downstream turbine and a combustion chamber in between. Energy is released when compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor The resulting gases are directed over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine, and, mechanically, powering the compressor. Finally, the gases are passed through a nozzle , generating additional thrust by accelerating the hot exhaust gases by expansion back to atmospheric pressure. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam , and converts it into useful mechanical work.
The Steam turbine is use to obtain mechanical work from the energy stored in steam. Steam enters the turbine with high energy content and leaves after giving up most of it. The high pressure steam from the boiler is expanded in nozzles to create a high velocity jet of steam, which produces the force which causes rotation of the shaft.
Gas turbine
The Gas turbine is use for obtaining mechanical work from the energy stored in Gases in which combustion take place in the combustion chamber. The hot gases enters the turbine with high energy content and leaves after giving up most of it. The high pressure gases from the combustion chamber is expanded in nozzles to create a high velocity jet of gases, which produces the force which causes rotation of the shaft.
Gas Turbine
RT - 56 RT - 62
Centrifugal Compressor
GEAR BOX
POWER TURBINE IP HP
GG COMPRESSORS GG TURBINES
Steam engine
COGAG
Combined gas turbine and gas turbine (COGAG) is propulsion system for ships using two gas turbines connected to a single propeller shaft. A gearbox and clutches allow either of the turbines to drive the shaft or both of them combined. Using one or two gas turbines has the advantage of having two different power settings. Since the fuel efficiency of a gas turbine is best near its maximum power level, a small gas turbine running at its full speed is more efficient compared to a twice as powerful turbine running at half speed, allowing more economic transit at cruise speeds.
Diesel engine
Electric drive
Electric drive transmissions have a higher specific fuel consumption, specific weight and volume than mechanical drive systems, but has advantages in arrangement which may compensate for these disadvantages. Advanced technology motors can be located very close to and on line with the propulsors, at the extreme aft end of the ship, or in external pods. Electrical generator sets can be optimally spaced around the ship and electrically connected. In the longer term, combined with fuel cells, SFC, specific weight and volume are comparable with gas turbine and diesel prime movers for direct drive systems. Zone Concept : The concept of dividing future classes of ship into zones to maximize survivability also extends to the power system. Each zone would be autonomous and include ventilation systems, cooling systems, power distribution and other services which could be affected by damage to another part of the ship. At least two supplies would be provided for all essential loads. Current classes, using split generation and distribution, rely on the provision of normal and alternative supplies via Automatic Change-Over Switches
Fuel cell
The fuel cell stack operates by utilizing electrochemical reactions between an oxidant (air) and a fuel (hydrogen), with two electrodes separated by a membrane. The voltage of the fuel cell output can be controlled by a converter and it is therefore able to connect to any point in the ship service or propulsion distribution system. The fuel cell stack is modularity give redundancy advantage. It also has the additional advantages of zero noxious emissions, and low thermal and acoustic signatures. In the short term the fuel cell system is required to use marine diesel fuel. Diesel fuel will require reforming within the fuel cell stack, or using an external process, to produce a hydrogen rich gas which the fuel cell stack is capable of processing. The reformer will clearly add both size, weight and complexity to the fuel cell system. In the longer term technologies such as the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) are contenders, which are more forgiving of impurities and can use a fuel available world-wide, either methanol or gasoline.
Storage option
The technologies being assessed for energy storage include are electro-chemical batteries (both conventional and advanced), regenerative fuel cells (otherwise known as redox flow cells ) Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Supercapacitors. Regenerative fuel cells store or release electrical energy by means of a reversible electrochemical reaction between two salt solutions (the electrolytes). The reaction occurs within an electrochemical cell. The cell has two compartments, one for each electrolyte, physically separated by an ion-exchange membrane. In contrast to most types of battery system, the electrolytes flow into and out of the cells and are transformed electrochemically inside the cells. The power is therefore determined by the size of the cell but the endurance is determined by the size of the two electrolyte tanks
Storage system
All prime movers are potentially compliant with emerging emission requirements, however, complexity for achieving compliance varies with prime mover and fuel type. Diesels require the most attention to emissions control followed at some distance by gas turbines, where ultra low emissions levels have been achieved for land-based systems. Fuel cells emit the lowest levels of pollutants of all the prime movers Heavier fuel cell systems and diesels represent larger machinery and structural weight. Fuel cells can be used as a prime mover in an Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) system providing DC electrical power output, and are being developed as a replacement for diesel generators and gas turbine alternators.
Skysail
97
Reduction Gear
Strut Screw
Bearing
Seals
99
101
POWER CURVE
YARD PATROL CRAFT
1000
800
600
400
200
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
102
Main and aux power sources separate and independent, re-liquefaction (5 MW)
Main and aux power sources separate and independent, re-liquefaction (5 MW)
Hull
113
Summary
Development of marine engineering system Common terms of marine engineering system Overview of marine engineering system Overview of marine engines - LO, Fuel Valve cooling, Cylinder LO etc., Overview of marine propulsion layout