CHAIN SURVEYING

Principle of chain surveying

The principle of chain surveying is triangulation. This means that the area to be surveyed into a number of small triangles which should be well condition. In chain surveying the side of the triangle are measured directly on the field by chain or tap, and no angular measurement are taken. Here, the tie lines and check lines control the accuracy of work. It should be noted that plotting triangle requires no angular measurements to be made, if the three sides are known.

Chain surveying is recommen e !hen"

#he groun surface is more or less level A small area is $o surveye A small%scale map is $o &e prepare an #he forma$ion of !ell 'con i$ione $riangle is easy(

Chain surveying is unsui$a&le !hen"

#he area is cro! e !i$h many e$ails #he area consis$s of $oo many un ula$ion #he area is very large an #he forma$ion of !ell%con i$ione $riangles &ecomes ifficul$ ue $o o&s$acles(

)arge scale an small%scale maps

*hen + cm of a map represen$s a small is$ance, i$ is sai $o &e a large%scale map( -or e.( + cm /+ m i(e( R-/+0+11 *hen + cm of a map represen$s a large is$ance, i$ is sai $o &e a small%scale map( -or e.( + cm / +11 m i(e( R-/+0+1,111 A map having an R- of less $han +0211 is consi ere $o &e large%scale( A map of Rmore $han +0211 is sai $o &e small%scale(

*ell%con i$ione $riangles

A $riangle is sai $o &e !ell%con i$ione !hen no angle in i$ is less $han 31 or grea$er $han +41( an e5uila$eral $riangle is consi ere $o &e $he &es$% con i$ion or i eal $riangle(

Ill%con i$ione $riangles

A $riangle in !hich an angle is less $han 31 or more $han +41 is sai $o &e ill%con i$ione $riangle(

REC6NNAISSANCE SURVEY AN7 IN7E8 S9E#CH

Before commencement of any survey work, the area to be surveyed is thoroughly e amined by the surveyor, who then thinks about the possible arrangement of the framework of survey. This primary investigation of the area is termed as reconnaissance survey or reconnoiter. The neat hand sketch of the area which is prepared during reconnaissance survey is known as the !inde sketch" or !key plan".

Survey s$a$ions
Survey s$a$ions are $he poin$s a$ $he &eginning an $he en of a chain line( #hey may also occur a$ any convenien$ poin$s on $he chain line( Such s$a$ion may &e +:main s$a$ion 4:Su&si iary s$a$ions an 3:#ie s$a$ions

;ain s$a$ions
S$a$ions $a<en along $he &oun ary of an area as con$rolling poin$s are <no!n as =main s$a$ions>( $he main s$a$ion eno$e( &y !i$h le$$ers A,?,C ,7, e$c( #he chain line eno$e &y

Su&si iary s$a$ions

S$a$ion !hich are on $he main survey line of any o$her survey lines are <no!n as @su&si iary s$a$ionA #hese s$a$ion are eno$e ( &y !i$h le$$ers S+ ,S4 ,S3

#ie s$a$ion
#hese are also su&si iary s$a$ion $a<en on $he main survey lines( )ines Boining $he $ie s$a$ions are <no!n as $ie lines( ( $ie s$a$ion are eno$e &y !i$h le$$ers #+,#4,#3

6ffse$
#he la$eral measurmen$ $a<en from an o&Bec$ $o $he chain line is <no!n as =offse$> ( #ypes of offse$s Perpen icular offse$s 6&li5ue offse$s

Perpen icular offse$s

*hen $he la$eral measuremen$ are $a<en perpen icular $o $he chain line, $hey are <no!n as perpen icular offse$s(

6&li5ue offse$s
Any offse$ no$ perpen icular $o $he chain line sai $o &e o&li5ue( 6&li5ue offse$ $a<en !hen $he o&Bec$s are a$ a long is$ance from $he chain line or !hen i$ is no$ possi&le $o se$ up a righ$ ue $o some ifficul$ies(

Selec$ion of survey s$a$ions

#he s$a$ion shoul &e so selec$e $ha$ $he general principle of surveying may &e s$ric$ly follo!e ( #he s$a$ion shoul &e in$ervisi&le #he s$a$ion shoul &e selec$e in such a !ay $ha$ !ell%con i$ione $riangles may &e forme ( #he &ase line shoul &e $he longes$ of $he main survey lines( #he survey lines shoul &e $a<en $hrough fairly level groun , as far as prac$ica&le( #he main survey lines shoul pass close $o $he &oun ary line of $he areas $o &e surveye ( #he survey lines shoul &e $a<en close $o $he o&Bec$s so $ha$ $hey can &e loca$e &y shor$ offse$s( #he $ie s$a$ions shoul &e sui$a&ly selec$e $o fi. $he irec$ions of a Bacen$ si es( #he su&si iary s$a$ion shoul &e sui$a&ly selec$e for $a<ing chec< lines( S$a$ion shoul &e so selec$e $ha$ o&s$acle $o chaining are avoi e as far as possi&le(

E5uipmen$s for chain survey

;e$ric chain D41m: Arro!s ;e$allic $ape D+2m: Raging ro s 6ffse$s ro Clinome$er Plump &o& !i$h $hrea Cross s$aff or op$ical s5uare Prisma$ic compass !i$h s$an *oo en pegs ;alle$ -iel &oo< Goo pencil Pen <nife Eraser /+ no( /+1 nos /+ no( /3 nos( /+ no( /+ no( /+ no /+ no /+ no /+1 nos /+no /+ no /+ no( /+ no /+ no

#he fiel &oo<

#ypes of fiel &oo< Single line 7ou&le line

Single line fiel &oo<

7ou&le line fiel &oo<

Proce ure of fiel !or<

Reconnaissance In e. s<e$ch ;ar<ing $he s$a$ion on $he groun Reference s<e$ches #a<ing measuremen$s of survey lines an no$ing $hem in $he fiel &oo<