FAST FACTS

1. The human body is made up of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. The average height of an adult human is about 5 to 6 feet tall. The human body is made to stand erect, walk on two feet, use the arms to carry and lift, and has opposable thumbs (able to grasp)

 2. The adult body is made up of: 100 trillion cells, 206 bones, 600 muscles, and 22 internal organs.

 3. There are many systems in the human body: Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels) Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs) Immune System (many types of protein, cells, organs, tissues) Skeletal System (bones) Excretory System (lungs, large intestine, kidneys) Urinary System (bladder, kidneys) Muscular System (muscles) Endocrine System (glands) Digestive System (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Reproductive System (male and female reproductive organs)

 4. Every square inch of the human body has about 19 million skin cells.
5. Every hour about 1 billion cells in the human body must be replaced. 6. The average human head has about 100,000 hairs

 7. The circulatory system of arteries, veins, and capillaries is about 60,000 miles long.

8. The heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime. 9. There are about 9,000 taste buds on the surface of the tongue, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth.
10. The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.

 11. The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.
12. You blink over 10,000,000 times a year.

13. The human brain weighs about 3 pounds. 14. It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.

 15. Only 10% of the population are left handed.

16. One fourth of the bones in your body are in your feet.
17. Children tend to grow faster in the spring.


18. The most sensitive finger on the human hand is the index finger. 19. More men are color-blind than women. 20. More people have brown eyes than any other color

Definitions and Concepts

Organa structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone Organ systema group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone

 FUNCTION: Protection from the environment Receives sensory input (sense organ) Regulates body temperature Synthesizes chemicals e.g. vitamin D

Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Structureorgans

Skin Hair Nails Sense receptors Sweat glands Oil glands

(Contd)

 Skin the largest organ of the human body which performs many essential functions. Perspiration is give off through the skin; the skin helps regulate body temperature

2 basic parts of the skin

Epidermis the top layer of the skin Cells of the epidermis grow from bottom and upward. In the lowest row, cells are shaped like columns, above this are round cells, cells grow flatter and becomes drier towards the surface, when they reach the surface they are shed as thin flakes. Some nerves are located here but there is no blood vessel. Responsible for the color of the skin, hairs and nails are parts of the epidermis with special function

 Dermis composed of closely woven network of connective tissue, contains blood vessels, glands, nerves and hair follicles. On the outer surface of the epidermis are tiny elevations called papillae that fit into tiny pits on the undersurface of the epidermis and help connect the two layers of the skin.

Parts and Functions of the Skin

Sweat glands glands that give-off small amount of liquid waste matter Oil glands sebaceous glands, give off oily substances that make the hairs smooth and glossy, they also keep the skin from becoming too dry. Blood helps regulate body heat, when the body needs to give off heat, the blood vessels expand, the blood is placed closer to the outside air, when the body needs to conserve heat, the blood vessel contract slowing the rate of heat loss.

Epidermal Products
1. Hair a substance that grows out of the skin of mammals. The color, texture and the way it grows are determined by heredity and environment. Importance - provide protection, warmth, sensation

Parts of the Hair

Shaft main hair fiber Follicle coating that encloses the root hair Erector muscle pushes the oil glands to help lubricate the hair shafts, also causes the hair to stand when a person is frightened.

Kinds of Hair
Fur soft dense hair

 Fleece thick, wooly hair

 Bristle short, stiff hair

 Quills sharp, spiny hair

2. nail
a special growth of the epidermis that is made up of hardened skin cells 2 parts: matrix (skin below the nail) and lunula (white, crescent-shaped spot that contain smaller cells and less blood)

3. claw
A sharp hooked nails of a bird and other animals

4. hoof
The horny covering protecting ends of digits of some animals like horses
deer, giraffe, bull, sheep and camel rhinoceros,

horse, zebra

pig, wild boar, hippopotamus and elephant

5. horns
Are hard projecting appendages growing on heads of some animals like cattle, goat and deer

6. talons
Are claw found specially on a bird of prey

7. antler
A branch of horns of a male deer or stag

FUNCTION: Movement Maintenance of body pressure Production of heat Maintains posture

Organ Systems Muscular system Structure Muscles o Voluntary or striated o Involuntary or smooth o Cardiac

Muscle
The tissue that makes it possible for a person to move from place to place Makes the heart beat; forces the blood to circulate; pushes the food through the digestive system

Skeletal (striated or voluntary )muscles

Attached to the skeletons, causing the bones to move Make up a large part of the arms, legs, chest abdomen, neck and face

Smooth (non-striated or involuntary) muscle

Differ from the skeletal muscles in structure, location, and the way they contract The walls of the stomach and intestines have sheets of smooth muscles arranged in circular and lengthwise patterns.

Cardiac (heart ) muscle

Resemble both the skeletal and smooth muscles, they have striation like skeletal but they cannot be controlled voluntarily like the smooth muscle A special regulator called sinoatrial node gives off rhythmic stimulations that cause the heart muscle to contract

 FUNCTION: Support

Protection of the body

Movement (with joints and muscles) Storage of minerals Blood cell formation

Organ Systems
Skeletal system Structure Bones Joints

 2 parts of Skeletal System Axial skeleton (median) made up of bones of the head (skull cranium (brain box); sense capsule (nose, ear and eye) and visceral arches (jaws, hyoid and larynx)), vertebral column cervical (neck) and trunk, thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral
(hip) and caudal (tail)

Appendicular skeleton made up of bones of the arms and legs (lateral and paired)

Pectoral (shoulder girdle) Scapula ( dorsal) Clavicle (anterior) Coracoid (posterior) Forelimb (arms) Humerus (upper arms) Radius and ulna (forearm) Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (palm) Phalanges (fingers)

Pelvic (hip girdle) Ilium Pubis Ischium Hindlimb (legs) Femur (thigh) Tibia and fibula (shank) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (sole) Phalanges (toes)

SKELETON
A flexible, bony framework of any vertebrate animal. Gives the body shape, protects the vital organs, provides a system of levers, operated by muscles that enables the body to move, houses the bone-marrow (blood forming tissues), stores the elements sodium, calcium and potassium and releases to the blood, holds the reserves protein that the body uses during fasting

Classification of Animals based on the # of legs

Bipeds animals with two legs Quadrupeds animals with four legs

Classification of Animals based on the presence of backbone

Invertebrates animals without backbone (insects and lobsters with hard body coverings called exoskeleton) Vertebrates animals with backbone ( mammals such as human, cats, dogs with endoskeletons)

TYPES OF SKELETON
EXOSKELETON a hard body covering with all muscles and organs located inside it. Composed of noncellular materials secreted by epidermis, function as a protective armor for the softer body parts and as a waxy barrier preventing excessive water loss by terrestrial arthropods

 ENDOSKELETON a framework embedded within the organisms, with the muscle outside. vertebrates The ribcage of the vertebrate endoskeleton protects the organs of the thorax and the skull and the vertebral column protects the brain and spinal cord

Human skeleton
206 separate bones Bones are attached to the neighboring bones by joints. Bones fit together and held in place by strong bands of flexible tissue called ligaments.

 FUNCTION: reception and preparation of food; egestion of waste

Feeding and Digestion

Feeding the process by which organisms obtain their food. Taking in of food is ingestion. Methods of feeding in animals: 1. Engulfing resorted by the amoeba. Food is engulfed by the use of peudopodia which simply flow over and around the food particle until it is enclosed in a food vacuole. Food is digested within the vacuoles.

2. Use of cilia ciliates use their cilia in creating currents of water that draw the food into the oral groove leading into a gullet where a food vacuole is formed to receive the food. 3. Filter feeding some animals like crustaceans, clams and a few birds are filter feeders. Suspended food particles in the water are strained out by filtering devices used to trap food. Food is then passed along the mouth for ingestion. 4. Ingestion of lager food masses earthworms ingest large quantities of soil when feeding. The organic matter in the soil is digested as the soil passes the intestines. The earthworms thus eat its way through the soil leaving behind a trail of casts. Many plant-eating invertebrates feed by scraping, chewing or boding through large plant masses such as grasshoppers, crickets and termites.

5. Use of specialized structures for capturing prey. coelenterates make use of nematocysts found in the tentacles to paralyze their prey which the tentacles seize and carry to the mouth. Frogs use their flexible tongues which could easily be flicked out to capture prey which is also observed in reptiles. 6. Fluid Feeding mosquito and spider are fluid feeders. The mouth of mosquito include a needle-like tube that can penetrate through plant or animal tissue . This serve as straw through which it draws body fluids from its victims or host. O0nce a mosquito has penetrated the skin, an anti-coagulant is injected to prevent bloodclotting. Digestion the process by which large food particles are broken down into simple absorbable forms.

 Intracellular digestion the process by which a food particle is acted upon and changed into simple forms within the cell e.g. amoeba and paramecium Extracellular digestion the process by which food is broken down in a digestive cavity, the resulting basic food units are absorbed by the body e.g. hydra Higher animals have a one-way digestive tube or alimentary canal system which have two openings, the mouth (ingestion of food) and the anus (egestion of wastes)

Organ Systems
(Contd)

Functions

Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food Absorption of nutrients Undigested waste product that is eliminated is called feces Appendix is a structural but not a functional part of digestive system Inflammation of appendix is called appendicitis

Organ Systems
Digestive system (F 3-10)
Structure

Primary organs
o o o o o o o o

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anal canal

Organ Systems

Accessory organs o Teeth o Salivary glands o Tongue o Liver o Gallbladder o Pancreas o Appendix

Mouth Chewing Salivary glands enzyme ptyalin converts starch to sugar Pharynx - push Esophagus Stomach gastric juice HCL enzyme (pepsin) digestion of protein chyme thick liquid partially digested food Small intestine intestinal juice enzymes sucrase, maltase and lactase Pancreas pancreatic juice trypsin breaks down protein to amino acids amylase starch to sugar lipase fats to fatty acids and glycerol Liver bile stored in gall bladder flows to small intestine through bile duct helps digest and absorb fats Villi increases area of absorption blood vessels Large intestine stores waste food products and absorbs small amount of water Rectum anus

 FUNCTION: gas exchange (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide) Maintains breathing Helps control pH balance

Organ Systems
Respiratory system (F 3-9)
Structure

Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

Organ Systems
Functions

Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the lungs Area of gas exchange in the lungs called alveoli Filtration of irritants from inspired air Regulation of acid-base balance

Respiration the process of taking in of oxygen and releasing of carbon dioxide. The oxygen enters the body, reaches the cells and is used in the chemical reactions within the cells.

Gas Exchange in Plants

Stomata pores located in the epidermis of the leaf, formed by two specialized cells called guard cells whose curved surfaces face each other, forming a slit-like opening through which gases pass in and out of the leaf, responsible for opening and closing of the stomata therefore control the gas exchange in plants.

Beneath the stomata are cavities into which gases diffuse from the surrounding cells and intercellular space. CO2 enter the open stomata, move through the intercellular space and dissolve on the wet surfaces of the cells. It then diffuses into the cells from the veins. Oxygen produced diffuses out of the cells and moves out through the stomata

Turgidity fullness of the cell that will occur when water moves in the cell - Responsible for the opening and closing of the stomata, when the guard cells are turgid, the stomata opens, but when the guard cells lose water and shrink, the stomata closes, thus water is necessary for gas exchange to take place in plants.

Gas Exchange in Animals

Direct Diffusion - amoeba and paramecium resort direct diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the plasma membrane. Dissolved oxygen in the surrounding water which is in higher concentration than the cells body diffuses across the plasma membrane into the organism's body Use of Gills large aquatic animals, gills contain blood vessels which carry oxygen from surrounding water to the cell and co2 from cells to water Tracheal System - found in insects. Air enters the body through the opening at the side of the abdomen called spiracles which lead to a system of tubes called tracheae are sub-divided into smaller tube called tracheoles containing a fluid which makes the inner surface of the tube moist that is necessary for diffusion to take place. Air is brought directly to the body cells by the tubes. Book Lungs found in spiders. Each lung has a number of leaf-like folds. Air enters the book lungs through a pair of slit-like openings on the undersurface of the abdomen. Gas exchange takes place across the membranes of the folds, the blood system carries the gases from the lungs to all parts of the body. Lung System terrestrial vertebrates use this system. Air enters through the nostril which usually leads to a nasal cavity which opens to the mouth or pharynx. In amphibians, the air passes through the mouth while in higher vertebrates, the air passes through the pharynx. The air then enters through the glottis (flap like structure, which is an opening at the floor of the pharynx). Leads to the larynx (voice box or adams apple), to the trachea (windpipe), to the bronchi and into the lungs chief organ for breathing. Blood vessels line the lungs which absorbs the oxygen in the lungs and release co2 into the lungs made up of spongy tissues divided into many air sacs called alveoli.

Breathing process of inhaling and exhaling air. Contraction of the diaphragm muscles make it go down, thereby enlarging the chest cavity. Chest muscles are attached to the ribs and the contraction brings the ribs upward and forward thereby enlarging the chest cavity, as a result, air pressure inside the chest cavity is less than that outside the body, so the air outside rushes into the lungs, this is inhaling or breathing in.

When rib muscles and diaphragm muscles relax, the chest cavity becomes smaller, as a result, air pressure inside the chest cavity is greater than that outside the body, so the air inside rushes out, this is exhaling or breathing out. Breathing is alternate inhaling and exhaling.

 FUNCTION: transport of materials (blood, nutrients, gases, wastes) Defends against disease Helps control body temperature, fluid and pH balance

Organ Systems
Cardiovascular (circulatory) system (F 3-7)
Structure

Heart Blood vessels

Functions

Transportation Regulation of body temperature Immunity (body defense)

 FUNCTION: production of new individual Nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females Produces and transports gametes Produces sex hormones

Organ Systems
Reproductive system
Structure

Male
o o o o

Gonadstestes Genital ductsvas deferens, urethra Accessory glandprostate Supporting structuresgenitalia (penis and scrotum)

Organ Systems

Female
o o

Gonadsovaries Accessory organsuterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina Supporting structuresgenitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

Organ Systems
Functions

Survival of genes Production of sex cells Development and birth of offspring Nourishment of offspring Production of sex hormones

 FUNCTION: Disposal of organic wastes and excess fluid Helps control fluid balance and pH balance

Organ Systems
Urinary system (F 3-11)
Structure

Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladader Urethra

Organ Systems
Functions

Cleaning or clearing blood of waste products waste product excreted from body is called urine Electrolyte balance Water balance Acid-base balance In male, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions

 FUNCTION: regulation of internal processes and adjustment of exterior environment acts as a communication network of body; it sends and receive information from different parts of body in the system. Helps coordinate organ systems Nervous system mainly divided into two parts, namely, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Organ Systems
Nervous system (F 3-5)
Structure

Brain Spinal cord Nerves Sense organs

Organ Systems
Function

Communication Integration Control Recognition of sensory stimuli

System functions by production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various types Control is fast acting and of short duration

 production of chemical secretions (hormones) that help control the body's metabolic activity Responds to stress Helps regulate metabolism Regulates fluid and pH balance

Organ Systems
Endocrine system (F 3-6)
Structure

Pituitary gland Pineal gland Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

Organ Systems
Functions

Secretion of special substances called hormones directly into the blood Same as nervous systemcommunication, integration, and control Control is slow and of long duration Examples of hormone regulation

o
o o

Growth Metabolism Reproduction Fluid and electrolyte balance

 collect and transport tissue fluids from the intercellular spaces in all the tissues of the body, back to the veins in the blood system; Absorbs fat Defends against infectious diseases

Organ Systems
Lymphatic system (F 3-8)
Structure

Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Thymus Spleen

Functions

Transportation Immunity (body defense)

 it plays an important role in returning plasma proteins to the bloodstream; digested fats are absorbed and then transported from the villi in the small intestine to the bloodstream via the lacteals and lymph vessels. new lymphocytes are manufactured in the lymph nodes; antibodies and anti (manufactures in the lymph nodes)

 assist the body to build up an effective immunity to infectious diseases; lymph nodes play an important role in the defense mechanism of the body. They filter out micro-organisms (such as bacteria) and foreign substances such as toxins, etc. it transports large molecular compounds (such as enzymes and hormones) from their manufactured sites to the bloodstream.