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2.

LINEAR LAW

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A linear equation is of the form

Y=mX+C
Y & X are variables m and C are constants

2. LINEAR LAW

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A linear equation is of the form

Y=mX+C

m is the gradient C is the Y -intercept

2. Linear Law
[Paper 1, short question :
4 marks]

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Y=mX+C

Students are advised to work using this linear form and NOT the non-linear original equation.

2. Linear Law
[Paper 1, short question :
How

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4 marks]

to answer this question ?

Look at the label of the VERTICAL axis of the given diagram. Convert the non-linear equation to the linear form, Y = mX + C Remember that your Y must be the same as the VERTICAL axis of the given diagram.

2. Linear Law
[Paper 2, Q7 : 10 marks]

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How to answer this question ?

Follow instruction :

Plot Y against X :
1. 2.

Convert the non-linear equation to the linear form, Y = mX + C Create a new table of values in YOUR answer script / graph paper, using X and Y

2. Linear Law
[Paper 2, Q7 : 10 marks]

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How to plot the graph ?

Follow instruction !

Plot Y against X :
1. 2. 3.

4.

Follow the scale given Remember to label the axes Plot all the points carefully almost all of them should lie in a straight line Draw the line of best fit

Note : ANDA SUDAH DAPAT 4 MARKAH !

2. LINEAR LAW

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Still remember .

Y=mX+C

m is the gradient C is the Y intercept ?

2. Linear Law
[Paper 2, Q7 :

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5-6 markah lagi !]

Use your graph to find


1. 2.

the Y-intercept : just READ where your line cuts the vertical axis! Find the gradient of the line of best fit, using the formula :

y2 y1 x2 x1

2. LINEAR LAW

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You still need to decide :

Y=mX+C

which unknown is m,

and which is

C!

2. LINEAR LAW

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Y=mX+C

C is the constant ,
and the other must be

Ex.1 :

If you are given coordinates of TWO points on the straight line


1. Label the axes X and Y on the diagram Find gradient of line

Y
y/x

2.

(4, 11)
3.

m=

11 3 40

= 2 Find Y-intercept of line C = 3

4.

So,

Y = 2X +3

5.
6.

y 2x 3 x y = 2x2 +3x

2. Linear Law

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=mX+C

Students are advised to work using this linear form and NOT the non-linear original equation.

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Examples

(SPM 2007)

Given non-linear equation : y2 = 2x(10 x) , find p and q.


y2 = =2x(10 x) y2/x = 20 2x

y2/x

*
O

(3, q)

Rewrite as

y2/x =

2x + 20

X * (p, 0) x

Compare with linear form Y = mX + C,

Y = y2/x, X = x, m = -2
So,
X = 3, Y = q :

Y =
q = =

2X + 20
2 (3)+ 20 14

And X = p, Y = 0 :

0 = 2p + 20
p = 10

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Linear Law (Paper 2)


Bear in mind that ......
1. Scale must be uniform
Y

2. Scale of both axes may defer :


FOLLOW given instructions !

3. Horizontal axis should start from 0 !


X

4. Plot against .
Horizontal Axis

Vertical Axis

Exercise 1
The table below records the values of an experiment for q 2 y px two variables x and y which are related by x where p and q are constants.
X y 0.8 108.8 1.0 79.0 1.3 45.9 1.4 36.5 1.5 25.7 1.7 8.2

(a) Plot xy against x3 using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x3-axis and 2 cm to 10 units on the xy-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit [5marks ] (b) From the graph, estimate the value of (i) p and q 45 (ii) x when y = [5marks]

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Linear Law (Paper 2)

Wheres your TABLE of values ???


x3 xy 0.5
87.0

1.0
79.0

2.2
59.7

2.7
51.1

3.4
38.6

4.9
13.9

Better to be at the top of your graph paper


Do not create your new X-Y values on your question paper !!!

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XY
90

x3 xy

0.5 87.0

1.0 79.0

2.2 59.7

2.7 51.1

3.4 38.6

4.9 13.9

x
80

Plot all points carefully


x

70

Draw line of best fit using LONG RULER !


x

60

50

x
40

30

20

x
10

x3
6

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Linear Law
Remember to follow instructions .
Y

Use your graph to find .


So, DO NOT calculate using the values from the table !!!
X

And, you must use the points which lie ON THE LINE OF BEST FIT !!!

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XY
(x1, y1)
90

x3 xy

0.5 87.0

1.0 79.0

2.2 59.7

2.7 51.1

3.4 38.6

4.9 13.9

x
80

Read this value !!!


x

70

60

x
50

Find the gradient !


x x

40

(x2, y2)

30

20

x
10

x3
6

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XY
(x1, y1)
90

C = 95 or 96
x x

80

Find the gradient

70

Using m =
60

x
50

y2 y1 x2 x1

x
40

(x2, y2)

m - 16.67

30

20

x
10

x3
6

px 2

q x

Values of p & q.
y q px x
2

xy = px3 + q This is in the form Y = mX + C So, the gradient is m = p , and C = q (i) p -16.67, q 95, (ii) xy = 45 ( Y = 45 ) From graph, x3 = 3,

x 1.44

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Dont make this mistake!


Y
(x2, y2)
x

Gradient = k

k 8.5 1.5

3.2 1.2
x

7 3
(x1, y1)
x

Experimental results cannot be exact, so : use DECIMALS !


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