The rise of Militant Nationalism from 1914-1939

Theme of the period

The post WWI Period diminished the European imperialists ability to control their colonies and led to a loss of their global power.

WWI and the Attack and the Nationalist Assault on European Colonial Order
India Egypt Middle East Africa

Corrosion of European power 19181939

Before WWI, Europeans preached that they had the White Mans Burden to civilize their colonies

Shift in perception of Europeans

Senselessness of WWI Has not the truth of already come home to you now when this cruel war has driven its claws into the vitals of Europe? R.Tagore

The Colonial Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa

Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Fighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

The Indian National Congress

1885 The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay.

swaraj independence. * the goal of the movement.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

1856 - 1920

Jawaharlal Nehru

1889 - 1964

The Muslim League

1905 partition of Bengal based on religions and languages.

1906 creation of the Muslim League.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 1948

Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876

1869 - 1948

Gandhi with the London vegetarian society, 1890

Gandhi as a Young Barrister in Natal

Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. Africa

Gandhi and His Wife, Kasturba, 1915

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

British occupied Indirect, corrupt rule by Turco-Egyptian and ayan, or landlords Nationalist leaders from effendi- urban middle class

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

1916 -Dinshawi incident British hunting party shot wife of prayer leader Violence broke out British executed villagers

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

1913- Egyptian nationalist gained constitution and representation in parliament

Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk (1881-1938)

Republican Peoples Party Goals:
republicanism (National Assembly).

nationalism (Turkification).
populism (for the benefit of

the people). economy).

statism (state-controlled
secularism (free from religious

control).

reformism.

1924 abolished the caliphate.

Atatrks Reforms
1. Turkify the Islamic faith
Translate the Quran into Turkish.

Secular education.
Ministry of Religious Affairs

abolished.

Sharia courts closed new

secular courts.

2. Western-style clothing
Forbid the wearing of the fez
Western-style mens suits. Attacked the veiling of women.

Zionism
GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl 1860-1904

First Zionist Conference, 1897

Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State in 1896. Met in Basel, Switzerland. Creates the First Zionist Congress. Becomes an international Jewish organization. Next Year in Jerusalem!

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Middle East in 1914

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

Lawrence of Arabia, The Legend Begins

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks

Br. General Edmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies Meet

British Forces

Lawrence & Faisals Forces

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917

His Majestys Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine

Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
Erzerum

1914
215,000

1922
1,500

Van
Kharbert Diarbekir Bitlis Sivas

197,000
204,000 124,000 220,000 225,000

500
35,000 3,000 56,000 16,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Western Anatolia Cilicia and Northern Syria 371,800 309,000 27,000 70,000

European Turkey
Trapizond District

194,000
73,390

163,000
15,000

Total:

2,133,190

387,800

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918

Arab Disappointment!

The League of Nations Mandates

New Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

Prince Faisal ruler of Trans-Jordan. Prince Abdullah ruler of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions]. The House of Saud put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia. The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Modern Turkey Is Born.

Essential Question:
How did Britains actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their country!

British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System

First one founded in 1908. Communal living. Make the Desert Bloom!

1929 Arab Riots

[Slaughter All the Jews!]
Jewish
1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1,806 8,223 8,294 8,685 8,175 13,892 34,386 13,855 3,034 2,178 5,249 4,944

IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

Immigration
1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 4,075 12,533 37,337 45,267 66,472 29,595 10,629 14,675 31,195 10,643 4,592

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

Their Goals:
An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners. A new general representative government.
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

Educated Africans initially loyal to Brits/French War changed all that a. Rebellions due to forced recruitment/labor b. Starvation to feed soldiers c. Merchants suffer from shipping shortages

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

Britain doesnt come through on all promises after war jobs and public honors

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

Attempts to create pan-African Movement Butstarted by African Americans or West Indies At least pushed anticolonial spirit W.E.B. Du Bois