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CHAPTER 6 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

PREPARED BY: FAZLI HISHAM BIN FAUZI NOR ASIAH BINTI MOHAMAD 168718 161884

SITI NOOR AZNIE BINTI YAZID


NORFAIZAH BINTI RIFIN NUR ASILAH BINTI MOHD SARMAN UMMU 'ATIAH BINTI DAUD

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163545 170930 162474

NUR'NAQIBAH BINTI MUSU


YOO PHEI YING

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Theories Of Social Relationship


Social relationship : dynamic, recurrent patterns of interactions with others. Theories : Attachment Theory The Convoy Model Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Evolutionary Psychology

Attachment Theory
Attachment : strong effectional bond formed by an infant to her primary caregiver and inferred by behavior.

Key underlying features :


Feeling of security Increased during times of stress

Attempts to avoid, or to end, separation from the attachment figure

Attachment
Internal working model or attachment orientation.
Attachment relationship which are a set of beliefs and assumptions about the nature of all relationship Attachment behaviors ways an underlying is expressed Attachment orientation patterns of expectation, needs and emotion one exhibit in interpersonal relationship Caregiving orientation system that is activated in adults when they interact with infants and young children

The Convoy Model


Convoy Model : ever-changing network of social relationships throughout life. Networks serve to shape and protect

Networks effect how world is experienced.

Social networks in the Convoy Model


Social network divided into three parts like inner circle, middle circle, outer circle. Inner circle- for names of people who are so close and important to the them. Middle circle -for people who are also close, but not as close as those in the inner circle. Outer circle- for names of people who are part of the respondent's personal network but not as close as the other two groups.

Convoys differ by individuals age, race, and SES and may act as stress buffers. Other social networks is on health.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory


Socioemotional selectivity theory more meaningful social relationships are preferred with age.
As an individual ages, he becomes more selective about how he spends resources such as time and money. trying to broadly spend life in pursuit of varied experiences or simple pleasures, he uses his resources on activities and items that have more emotional importance.

Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology social relationships play important role in human evolution.

Relationships provide protection from predation, access to food and insulation from cold.
Human species to day have manifested in need to belong. biological system

Intimate Partnerships
Married couples. Cohabitating couples with heterosexual and same-sex partners.

Gay and lesbian couples in civil unions.

Establishing an Intimate Relationship


The process of choosing a life partner and formalizing the relationship is found in every known; 90% of people in the world will marry at some point in their lives (Campbell & Ellis,2005). The process of choosing such partnership also known as mate selection.

Mate Selection
Majority of people select their own mates and do it on the combination of subjective feelings include:-

Euphoria, intense focused attention on a preferred individual, obsessive thinking, emotional dependency

Mate Selection
Helen L. Fisher (2000;2004) suggest that mate selection depend on: Lust Attraction Attachment

Lust
Lust system causes men and women to experience sexual desire (libido) and seek out sexual opportunities.

Freud believed that libido was the foundation of all intimate relationships.
Lust system powered by androgens in both genders and sometimes viewed as accelerator of romantic love.

Attraction
Attraction system directs men and women to attend specific potential mates and to desire an emotional relationship with them.

The experience of attraction is also known as romantic love, obsessive love, passion, passionate love and limerance. The attraction system is associated with increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreased levels of serotonin, all neurotransmitters in the brain.

What Attracts One Person To Another?


Filter Theory a large pool of potential mates are filter out those who do not fit the specifications (Care & Lloyd, 1992). Exchange Theory exchange certain assets to offer in a relationship.
Evolutionary perspective based on our ancient ancestors need to increase their chances of reproducing and providing for their children until they old enough to fend for themselves.

But first a little biology


Attraction associated with increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreased levels of serotonin (brain neurotransmitters) Patterns of brain activation for new romantic love different depend on individual perspective.

Filter Theory
Begin with large pool and gradually filter out those who do not fit specifications.

Describes mate selection as a series of steps that rule out more and more potential partners until only one is left

Exchange Theory
Each person has some assets to offer a prospective partner.

In choosing a mate, we try for the best exchange we can manage.

What about the evolutionary perspective?


Evolutionary perspective Preferences are genetically based
a) Men someone to bear and feed children ; look for sings of good health and fertility. b) Women- qualities that signal economic resources, healthy genes, and protector ability.

What does recent research tell us?


Different preference for mates depends on interest in long-term or short-term relationship

Creating a Relationship : The Role of Attachment


Researcher suggest that adult romantic relationship styles are reflections of attachment bond the adults had with their parents in childhood. Bartholomew developed four categories :
Secure Dismissive Preoccupied fearful

Thinking About Attachment


How does Bowlbys attachment theory match recent theories that attachment between romantic partners is an evolved mechanism to keep parents together long enough to raise children?

Types Of Marriage
Validating marriage Volatile marriage Avoidance marriage

Hostile negative marriage


Emotionally unexpressive marriage

Long Term Marriages


What makes marriage work (Gottman, 1994)
Validating marriage

Volatile marriage
Avoidance marriage

When marriages fail


Types of unsuccessful marriages (Gottman & Levenson, 2002)
Hostile negative marriage

Emotionally unexpressive marriage

Cohabitation
Is an arrangement where two people who are not married live together in an intimate relationship, particularly an emotionally or sexually intimate in a long-term or permanent basis.

Factors Of Cohabitation
Parents attitude Lack of religious education Economic The influences of foreign cultures

The Negative Effect


Living together before marriage increases the risk of breaking up after marriage. Living together outside of marriage increases the risk of domestic violence for women, and the risk of physical and sexual abuse for children. Unmarried couples have lower levels of happiness and wellbeing than married couples. Higher levels of conflict. People who lived together before marriage have a higher rate of divorce than those who did not live together

Same Sex Partnership


is a relationship between two persons of the same sex and can take many forms, from romantic and sexual, to non-romantic homosocialy-close relationships. In their essential psychological respects, these relationships are regarded as equivalent to opposite-sex relationships. For example : gay and lesbian.

Disadvantages
It is that you and your partner cannot have or make your own child not unless you and your partner adopted one.

Can have different kinds of viruses or get sick that can affect your reproductive organs when you have sexual intercourse to your partner.

What is Family?

General Patterns of Family Interaction


1970s & 1980s : Social scientist grappled with the idea that nuclear families (parents and their children) In United States were in danger of being isolated from their extended families (grandparents, aunts and uncles and cousins) Young families moving across the country to seek out job opportunities that were not available in their hometown. Families had begun using communication technology to keep in touch with each other and to keep their family relationships strong.

Relationships with Other Family Members.


The quality of any family relationship cab be evaluated on 6 dimensions. Intergenerational solidarity theory states that family relationships depend on: i. Associational solidarity ~ the frequency and patterns of interaction in various types of activities ii. Affectional solidarity ~the type and degree of positive sentiment held about family members, and the degree of reciprocity of these sentiments.

iii. Consensual solidarity


~the degree of agreement on values, attitudes, and beliefs
among family members.

iv. Functional solidarity


~ the degree to which family members exchange services or assistance.

v.

Normative solidarity
~ the perception and enactment of norms of family solidarity.

vi. Intergenerational family structure


~ the number, type and geographic proximity of family members.

(Bengtson & Schrader, 1982)

Parent-Child relationships in Adulthood


Bowl by and Weiss Parental bonds should attenuate and end. Cicirelli Parent-child attachment changes, not declines.

Relinquished parental attachment central in individuation-achieving process of late adolescence and early adulthood

Communication becomes important.

Adults substitute symbols of parents and supplement symbolic relationship.

The Effect of Late-life Divorce


Divorce increasing among older adults. Effect may be experienced by adult children: i. Estrangement

ii. Financial challenges immediately after divorce.


iii. Financial challenges in parents late-life through increased caregiving burdens on children.

Problem Children in Adulthood


Childrens problems primary cause for depressive symptoms for older adults.

Problem include childrens divorce, financial crises and drug or alcohol problem.

Grandparent-Grandchild Relationship
Age makes a difference and relationships change as ages of both parties increase.
Racial/ethnic differences. Relationships provide important emotional meaning. Many adult grandchild view their relationship with grandparents as a safety net.

What Is The Grandmother Effect?


Presence of grandmothers predictive of childrens survival through recorded history.

Social groups with more grandparents had more help in birthing, caregiving, and knowledge transmission.

Relationships With Grandparents


Figure 6.2: Students rate grandparents based on emotional closeness, time spent together, and resources provided.
Mother's mother 3.5 3 Mean Rank 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 Mother's father Father's mother Father's father

0
Time Resources Type Of Investment Emotional Closeness

Relationships With Siblings


Moderate emotional closeness is most common pattern of siblings relationships in adulthood.

Evidence suggests sibling relationships become more significant in later life.


In middle adulthood, life events often bring siblings together (e.g., death of a parent).

Teens, Grandparents, and Single Parent Homes


Figure 6.3: When teenagers live in single-parent home, a good relationship with grandparents is related to fewer difficulties and distress.

14 Total Difficulties Score 13.5 13 12.5 12 11.5 11 10.5

Low

Medium Involvement Lone-parent Two-parent

High

Friendships in Adulthood
Friendship voluntary social relationship carried out within a social context.
Friends appear to become less central with age. Womens friendships are based on talk; mens friendships are marked by doing.

THANK YOU

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