You are on page 1of 72

Viscous Flow

Analysis helps in predicting Shear stress Heat transfer Mass transfer Flow Separation In this course we are interested in Shear stress Flow Separation

Izhar KAZMI

Viscous Flow and Shear Stress

As a fluid flows over a surface: The fluid because of its viscosity, exerts a tugging force in direction of its motion on the surface As per Newton third law an equal and opposite tangential force acts on the body surface . This force per unit area is called the shear stress. Which results in to Skin Friction Drag

Izhar KAZMI

Viscous Flow and Flow Separation

As a fluid flows over a surface with adverse pressure gradient i.e. pressure increases in direction of flow separates because of combine effect of Friction And Adverse pressure gradient Flow separation causes Pressure Drag

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

The boundary layer thickness, , is typically defined as the distance y from the surface at which u 0.99u. the boundary layer region, in which the viscous effects and the velocity changes are significant,

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Shear Stress

The fluids that that obey the linear relationship above are called Newtonian fluids

Izhar KAZMI

Thickness of the thermal boundary layer


The thickness of the thermal boundary layer at any location along the surface is defined as the distance from the surface at which the temperature difference T-Ts equals 0.99(T - Ts).

Note that for the special case of Ts = 0, we have T = 0.99T at the outer edge of the thermal boundary layer, which is analogous to u = 0.99u for the velocity boundary layer.

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Velocity BL and Transition from Laminar to Turbulent

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Reynolds Number

Izhar KAZMI

HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN TURBULENT FLOW

Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid fluctuations of groups of fluid particles, called eddies, throughout the boundary layer. These fluctuations provide an additional mechanism for momentum and heat transfer. In laminar flow, fluid particles flow in an orderly manner along streamlines, and both momentum and heat are transferred across streamlines by molecular diffusion. In turbulent flow, the transverse motion of eddies transport momentum and heat to other regions of flow before they mix with the rest of the fluid and lose their identity, identity, greatly enhancing momentum and heat transfer. As a result, turbulent flow is associated with much higher values of friction and heat transfer coefficients

Izhar KAZMI

HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN TURBULENT FLOW


Velocity can be expressed as the sum of a mean value and a fluctuating component

The mean value of a property at some location is determined by averaging it over a time interval that is sufficiently large so that the net effect of fluctuations is zero. Therefore, the time average of fluctuating components is zero, e.g.,

Similarly others quantities

Izhar KAZMI

HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN TURBULENT FLOW

Reynolds Stresses Turbulent Viscosity Turbulent thermal conductivity

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Conservation of mass Or Continuity Equation

Conservation of Momentum in X direaction

Izhar KAZMI

RECALL FROM CHAPTER 2

Izhar KAZMI

CONTINUITY EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE

20
Izhar KAZMI

MOMENTUM EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE

21
Izhar KAZMI

MOMENTUM EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE

22
Izhar KAZMI

MOMENTUM EQUATION IN TERMS OF SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE

23
Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Where

Izhar KAZMI

Complete Navier-Strokes Equations

Izhar KAZMI

Solution of Navier-Strokes Equations

Exact Solutions Couette flow Poiseuille Flow Approximate Solutions Boundary Layer Numerical Solutions

Izhar KAZMI

Couette Flow

Izhar KAZMI

For this type of flow

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Poiseuille Flow

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

BOUNDARY LAYER

Boundary Layer region Boundary Layer thickness Velocity BL Thermal BL

Izhar KAZMI

Displacement Thickness

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Basic Assumption

Izhar KAZMI

BL approximations

Izhar KAZMI

BL Equations

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

when y=0 when y is infinity

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Numerical Solution
Numerical Solution
Gives skin friction or drag

Gives BL thickness

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Total Drag on upper surface

Izhar KAZMI

BL Thickness

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Izhar KAZMI

Critical Reynolds Number

Izhar KAZMI

Local Values of BL Thickness and Skin Friction

Where x is the distance from the leading edge of the plate and Rex is the Reynolds number at location x. Note that Cf, x. is proportional to x-1/2 for laminar flow. Therefore, Cf, x is supposedly infinite at the leading edge (x 0) and decreases by a factor of x-1/2 in the flow direction.

Izhar KAZMI

Variations with Distance from LE

Izhar KAZMI

Average Friction Coefficient

Izhar KAZMI

Average Friction Coefficient for entire length

Izhar KAZMI

Skin Friction when both Laminar and turbulent regions exist

Izhar KAZMI

Nusselt Number local values

Izhar KAZMI

You might also like