MK.

KESUBURAN TANAH

K - Ca - Mg TANAH

Prof Dr Ir Soemarno,M.S.

Magnesium is essential to the basic nucleic acid chemistry of life, and thus are essential to all cells of all known living organisms. Plants have an additional use for magnesium in that chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. Many enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, especially enzymes utilizing ATP, or those which use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA.

Magnesium is a vital component of a healthy human diet and has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Magnesium is readily available in the food that we eat and magnesium deficiency is therefore relatively rare. It is also difficult to overdose on magnesium. However, both of these conditions do occasionally appear in humans. The major causes are genetic with the inactivation of magnesium transporters in the Kidneys. General failure of the Kidneys may also lead to magnesium imbalance.

KALIUM TANAH

Jumlah K-tanah
Lithosfer mengandung 2.6% K Tanah mengandung <0.1 - > 3%, rata-rata sekitar 1% K Tanah lapisan olah (setebal 20 cm) mengandung <3000 - >100.000 kg K/ha Sekitar 98% K dalam tanah terikat dalam bentuk mineral

Mineral Kalium
K-feldspar merupakan mineral utama sumber kalium, 16% K-mika sekitar 5.2%, terdiri atas Biotit sekitar 3.8% dan Muskovit 1.4%

Kekuatan ikatan K dalam mineral

Kation K diameternya 2.66 , terbesar di antara unsur hara lain; oleh karena itu ikatannya dalam struktur mineral lebih lemah dibandingkan kation lainnya yg lebih kecil dan muatannya lebih besar. Karena ukurannya besar, kation K dapat diselimuti oleh 7-12 ion oksigen, sehingga kekuatan masing-masing ikatan K-O relatif lemah

KALIUM dlm

KIMIA & struktur

Feldspar adalah aluminosilikat , formulanya KAlSi3O8, kandungan kaliumnya 14%. Di alam, sebagian kalium digantikan oleh Na dan Ca Kation pusat Si4+ sebagian digantikan oleh Al3+, satu penggantian untuk setiap empat tetrahedra, sehingga menjadi AlSi3O8-

FELDSPAR

Polimorf dari feldspar

Ortoklas: monoklinik - prismatik, dlm batuan plutonik Sanidin : Monoklinik, dalam batuan vulkanik Microcline : Triklinik, mengandung magmatit-pegmatit Anortoklas : Substituted feldspar, (K,Na)AlSi3O8 Nepheline : Mengandung lebih banyak Na dp K Plagioklas : (Ca, Na feldspar) mengandung sedikit kalium Pelapukan Mineral Kalium Proses pelapukan fisik menghancurkan batuan induk, sedangkan pelapukan kimia akan melepaskan ion K+ dari mineral Temperatur penting untuk pelapukan fisika, sedang hidrolisis penting untuk kimiawi Asam-asam yg penting pd hidrolisis mineral kalium adalah H2CO3 dan asam-asam organik hasil dekomposisi Bahan organik tanah

HIDROLISIS Feldspar KALIUM

Abstraksi proses hidrolisis

KAlSi3O8 + HOH ===== HAlSi3O8 +K+ + OH- (Fase cepat) HAlSi3O8 + 4HOH ===== Al(OH)3 + 3H2SiO3 (fase lambat)

Penambahan H+ mempercepat pembebasan K+ dan merusak ikatan Al-O; Al yang dibebaskan membentuk gugusan AlOH2 koordinasi-4: Si-O-Al + H2O + H+ ==== Si-O + Al-OH2 + K+ | | K H Hancurnya ikatan Si-O-Si mungkin disebabkan oleh melekatnya OH- ke Si sehingga menjadi gugusan Si-OH; dengan cara ini ikatan kovalen rangkap dihancurkan. Joint reaction H2O dan H+ dlm menghancurkan ortoklas: 3 KAlSi3O8 + 12H2O + 2H+ ===== KAlSi3O6.Al2O4(OH)2 + 2K+ + 6 H4SiO4

Pelapukan ortoklas menjadi kaolinit: H2O 2KAlSi3O8 -------------- Al2Si2O5(OH) + 2K+ + 2OH- + 4H4SiO4

KALIUM TANAH

Sumber K-tanah Mineral primer yang mengandung kalium: 1. Feldspar kalium : KAlSi3O8 2. Muskovit : H2KAl3(SiO4)3 3. Biotit : (H,K)2(Mg,Fe)2Al2(SiO4)3 Mineral sekunder: 1. Illit atau hidrous mika 2. Vermikulit 3. Khlorit 4. Mineral tipe campuran

Proses pelapukan mineral KAlSi3O8 + HOH KOH + HAlSi3O8

K+ + OHK Ca Koloid liat H

K+, Ca++, H+ (larutan tanah)

Pelapukan Mineral KALIUM

Pelapukan 1. Proses fisika: Penghancuran fisik, ukuran partikel menjadi lebih halus, luas permukaannya menjadi lebih besar 2. Proses kimiawi: Hidrolisis, Protolisis (Asidolisis)

Proses Hidrolisis dan Protolisis KAlSi3O8 + HOH HAlSi3O8 + 4 HOH

Si-O-Al + H2O + H+ K

HAlSi3O8 + K+ + OH- (cepat) Al(OH)3 + 3 H2SiO3

Si-O H
2

(lambat)

+ Al-OH + K+

Pelapukan Ortoklas:
3 KAlSi3O8 + 12H2O + 2H+
H2O

KAlSi3O6 .Al2O4(OH)2 + 2K+ +6H4SiO4

2 KAlSi3O8

Al2Si2O5(OH) + 2K+ + 2OH- + 4 H4SiO4

Faktor Pelapukan Feldspar KALIUM

Faktor Pelapukan 1. Faktor Internal 2. Faktor Eksternal

Faktor internal:
1. Regularity of the crystal lattice. Microcline lebih stabil / sukar lapuk dibanding Ortoklas dan Sanidine 2. Na content of crystals. Anortoklas lebih mudah lapuk daripada ortoklas 3. Si content. Feldspar-substitusi lebih mudah lapuk dp Feldspar 4. Particle size. Semakin kecil ukuran partikel, maka semakin luas permukaannya untuk mengalami reaksi hidrolisis dan asidolisis. 5. .

Faktor Eksternal:
1. Temterature. Proses pelapukan lebih cepat pd kondisi suhu yg lebih tinggi 2. Solution volume. Kondisi basah mempercepat proses pelapukan 3. Migration of weathering products. Proses pelapukan akan terhambat kalau hasil-hasil pelapukan terakumulasi di tempat 4. The formation of difficult soluble products of hydrolysis. Kalau hasil reaksi hidrolisis mengendap maka reaksi akan dipercepat 5. pH value. Semakin banyak ion H+, proses protolisis semakin intensif. 6. The presence of chelating agents.

MASALAH KALIUM TANAH

Ketersediaan K-tanah Tanah mineral umumnya berkadar kalium total tinggi, kisarannya 40 - 60 ribu kg K2O setiap HLO Sebagian besar kalium ini terikat kuat dan agak sukar tersedia bagi tanaman

Kehilangan akibat Pencucian Sejumlah besar kalium hilang karena pencucian : Tercuci dari tnh lempung berdebu 20 kg K2O/ha/thn Diangkut /dipanen oleh tanaman 60 -Konsumsi berlebihan: Luxury consumption
Tanaman dpt menyerap kalium jauh lebih banyak dari jumlah yg diperlukan Pemupukan kalium harus dilakukan secara bertahap

Masalah Kalium tanah:

1. Pd saat tertentu sebagian besar K-tanah tidak tersedia 2. K-tanah peka terhadap pengaruh pencucian 3. Kalium dapat diserap tanaman dlm jumlah banyak, melebihi kebutuhan optimalnya

Kadar K-tanaman (Tinggi)

Kadar K-tanaman

K diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan optimum

Pemakaian berlebihan

Kalium yg diperlukan

(Rendah) Rendah

K-tersedia dalam tanah

Tinggi

BENTUK & KETERSEDIAAN

Relatif tidak tersedia Feldspar, Mika, dll. (90-98% dari K-total)

K lambat tersedia K tidak dapat ditukar (1 - 10 % dari K-total)

K segera tersedia K dpt ditukar dan K dlm larutan tanah ( 2 % dari K-total)

K tidak dapat ditukar

K dapat ditukar

K dalam larutan tnh

LOKASI DAN JALUR KALIUM DLM TANAH

K dalam mineral primer mis. Muskovit Pelepasan K K dalam PUPUK

Fiksasi K pd mineral primer

Pelarutan pupuk
Transisi mineral sekunder menjadi mika akibat fiksasi K

K dalam larutan tnh

Absorpsi K

Pelepasan K mengakibatkan pembentukan min. sekunder

Pelepasan Kdd atau K-terfiksasi

K dalam tanaman

K dalam mineral sekunder mis. Kaolinit

Adsorpsi atau Fiksasi K

Pelepasan K dari mineral primer

Pelepasan K dari mineral primer selama periode pertanaman intensif; media tumbuh mineral dicampur pasir kuarsa. Ukuran partikel mineral primer < 50 ; ukuran partikel illit < 20 .

Pelepasan K-tukar, g / g mineral

2000 Biotite

Illite

Muscovite Ortoklas 400

10

15

cropping periode, (0-15) days Sumber: Verma (1963)

Konsentrasi K-larutan tanah vs Kdd

K-larutan tanah (me/l) 5.0 Tanah berpasir 4.0

3.0

2.0 Tanah liat

1.0
10 50 K dapat ditukar, mg K / 100 g tanah 100

FIKSASI KALIUM TANAH

Faktor yg mempengaruhi fiksasi K-tanah 1. Sifat koloid tanah 2. Pembasahan dan pengeringan tanah 3. Pembekuan dan pencairan tanah 4. Adanya kalsium yg berlebihan

Koloid dan Kelembaban Kaolinit sedikit mengikat kalium Montmorilonit dan Ilit mudah dan banyak mengikat kalium, lazim disebut dengan FIKSASI KALIUM:
lapisan liat 2:1
Ion kalium Ion lainnya

Sisa tanaman & Pupuk kandang

Pupuk buatan

Mineral kalium lambat tersedia

K - tersedia

Terangkut tanaman

Hilang pencucian

Hilang Erosi & Run-off

Fiksasi Kalium

Faktor Ketersediaan Ktanah

1. MOBILITAS Mobilitas kalium dalam tanah ditentukan oleh bentuk K+, yaitu bentuk bebas dalam larutan tanah atau bentuk terjerap pada permukaan koloid tanah

2. Interaksi dg ion lain 3. Mass flow dan Difusi 4. Kapasitas dan Intensitas 5. Mineral Tanah: Mineral Primer dan Mineral Liat a. Kadar K mineral primer b. Kecepatan pelepasan K+ dari mineral primer c. Jumlah mineral liat d. tipe mineral liat
6. Bahan Organik Tanah 7. pH tanah 8. Aerasi 9. Lengas Tanah Difusi K+ dalam tanah terjadi melalui dua cara, yaitu: 1. Ruang pori yang berisi air, dan 2. Selaput air di sekeliling partikel tanah.

Pengaruh pH

thd fiksasi K

Pengaruh thd fiksasi K Pengaruh pH terhadap fiksasi K bersifat tidak langsung, yaitu melalui pengaruh pH thd jenis aktion yg dominan pada posisi inter-layer mineral liat. Pd tanah masam Al+++ menempati posisi-posisi jerapan. Pengasaman dapat mengakibatkan akumulasi ion Al-hidroksil pd interlayer mineral liat, shg KTK lebih rendah

Pada Vermikulit, ion Al+++ dapat mengusir K+ dari kompleks jerapan, sehingga menurunkan kapasitas fiksasi K+. Sehingga pengaruh pengasaman tanah thd fiksasi K tergantung pada adanya vermikulit dan adanya Al+++ yg akan mendominir kompleks jerapan Pengaruh pengapuran tanah masam thd fiksasi K tgt pada adanya Ca++ yg akan menggantikan Aldd, shg membuka peluang terjadinya fiksasi K+
Fiksasi K+ Pupuk 100 kg K/ha 0.0 pH: 4.35 K-released pH: 3.50

Tanpa pupuk K Dosis kapur, CaCO3 K-adsorbed Pencucian

pH: 7.00

Efek Pupuk K terhadap K-tanah

Jelaskan pengaruh pH tanah terhadap kelarutan pupuk kalium dalam tanah (250 kata), seperti gambar ini

K-larutan tanah

pH: 4.1

pH: 5.1

pH: 6.5 pH: 7.0

Dosis pupuk K

Lengas Tanah terhadap K-tanah

Jelaskan bagaimana kadar air tanah dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pupuk kalium pada tanaman jagung (250 kata) .

Serapan K tanaman jagung

Pupuk Kalium:
49 mg K/100 g tnh

29

9 0

Kadar air tanah (20-40%) Sumber: Grimme (1976)

Serapan K vs K-larutan tanah

Konsentrasi K+ dlm larutan tanah merupakan indeks ketersediaan kalium, karena difusi K+ ke arah permukaan akar berlangsung dalam larutan tanah dan kecepatan difusi tgt pada gradien konsentrasi dalam larutan tanah di sekitar permukaan akar penyerap.

Serapan K , kg /ha (Tanaman kacang buncis) 300

r2 = 0.79**

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8 K- larutan tanah ( me K / l)

Sumber: Nemeth dan Forster (1976)

Laju Penyerapan K vs Konsentrasi K+ larutan

Jelaskan pengaruh konsentrasi K+ dalam larutan tanah terhadap laju penyerapan K+ oleh akar tanaman (250 kata) .

Laju penyerapan K+ , mole/g/jam (akar tanaman barley) 10.0

0.05 Sumber: Epstein (1972)

0.10 0.15 0.20 Konsentrasi K+ larutan tanah ( mM)

Efek Ca++ thd penyerapan K+ akar tanaman

6

Jelaskan bagaimana Ca++ dapat mengganggu penyerapan K+ oleh akar tanaman (250 kata)

Penyerapan K , mole/g (akar tanaman Jagung )

+ Ca

-1

0.5

1.0

1.5 jam

2.0

Sumber: Lauchli dan Epstein (1970)

KALSIUM DALAM TANAH

Sumber Ca-tanah Mineral primer : 1. Dolomit : .. 2. Kalsit : .. 3. Apatit : .. 4. Feldspar kalsium: .. 5. Amfibol :

Bahan Pupuk: 1. Kalsium nitrat 2. Gipsum 3. Batuan fosfat 4. Superfosfat 5. Ca-cyanamide

Kation kalsium dlm larutan tanah dapat mengalami:

1. Hilang bersama air drainase: Proses pencucian 2. Diserap oleh organisme 3. Dijerap pada permukaan koloid tanah 4. Diendapkan sebagai senyawa kalsium sekunder

Faktor ketersediaan Kalsium tanah:

1. Jumlah kalsium dapat ditukar (Ca++ yang dijerap oleh koloid tanah) 2. Derajat kejenuhan Kalsium dari kompleks pertukaran 3. Tipe koloid tanah 4. Sifat ion-ion komplementer yg dijerap oleh koloid tanah 5. .

MAGNESIUM DALAM TANAH

Sumber Mg-tanah Mineral primer: 1. Dolomit : .. 2. Biotit : .. 3. Klorit : .. 4. Serpentin : .. 5. Olivin :

Bahan Pupuk: 1. MgSO4.7H2O 2. MgSO4.H2O 3. K-Mg-sulfat 4. Magnesia 5. Basic slag

Kation magnesium dlm larutan tanah dapat mengalami:

1. Hilang bersama air drainase: Proses pencucian 2. Diserap oleh organisme 3. Dijerap pada permukaan koloid tanah 4. Diendapkan sebagai senyawa kalsium sekunder

Faktor ketersediaan Magnesium tanah:

1. Jumlah kalsium dapat ditukar (Mg++ yang dijerap oleh koloid tanah) 2. Derajat kejenuhan Mg dari kompleks pertukaran 3. Tipe koloid tanah 4. Sifat ion-ion komplementer yg dijerap oleh koloid tanah 5. .

Serapan K vs Dry matter production

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) tentang pola penyerapan kalium tanaman jagung selama pertumbuhannya, seperti gambar ini

Growth & nutrient uptake, % 100 silking tasseling Biji

dry matter
Tongkol Kalium

Batang Daun 25 Sumber: Nelson (1968) 50 75 100 days after emergence

Kandungan Ktanah vs Respon pupuk K

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) tentang hasil penelitian pemupukan kalium pada tanaman jagung seperti Gambar ini

Tambahan hasil jagung , bu/ac 25 Kdd = 50 ppm

Kdd = 100 ppm

Kdd = 150 ppm

Kdd = 200 ppm 50 75 100 Dosis pupuk K ( lb / ac ) Sumber: Hanway et al. (1962) 25 125

Kandungan Kdaun vs Respon pupuk K

Respon jagung thd pupuk kalium dipengaruhi oleh status K tanaman, yaitu kadar K daun pada fase silking Defisiensi akut : Kadar K daun 0.25 - 0.41 %K Defisien tanpa gejala: 0.62 - 0.91 %K Normal : 0.91 - 1.3% K

Tambahan hasil jagung , bu/ac 25 Kdaun = 0.75 %

Kdaun = 1.0 %

Kdaun = 1.5 %

Kdaun = 1.75% 50 75 100 Dosis pupuk K ( lb / ac ) Sumber: Hanway et al. (1962) 25 125

Mulsa jerami sisa panen dapat menambah sejumlah K, Ca dan Mg ke dalam tanah

Pupuk kalium sangat diperlukan untuk pembentukan umbi.

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalium tanaman ubi-ubian

Pupuk kalium sangat diperlukan untuk kesempurnaan pembentukan buah pisang dan tingginya kandungan karbohidratnya.

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalium tanaman pisang

Pupuk kalium sangat diperlukan untuk pembentukan umbi beet dan tingginya kandungan patinya

Kualitas buah anggur sangat ditentukan oleh pemupukan

K dan Mg Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalium dan Magnesium tanaman anggur

Produktivitas pohon kopi sangat ditentukan oleh kecukupannya pupuk Mg dan K

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalium dan Magnesium tanaman KOPI .

Penyerapan Hara K, Ca dan Mg A deficiency of an element makes it difficult or impossible for the plant to complete a vegetative or reproductive stage of development A deficiency can be prevented or corrected by supplying the element

Ikisan.com

Soil pH affects availability of K, Ca and Mg

Nutrient Uptake
Movement to the roots: 1) Root extension - exposure to soil and new supplies of nutrients - roots could contact 3% of the soil or nutrients in the soil. 2) Mass Flow water absorbed by the root creates a water deficit near the root, more water moves to the root carrying nutrients with the water. Important for nutrients in large quantities in the soil solution - N, K & Ca, Mg

from soil to plant via root

Nutrient Uptake
3) Diffusion -

movement of nutrients due to an imbalance of concentration ( diffusion gradient)

Kation

K. Ca, Mg

root

random thermal movement

Requirements for nutrient K, Ca, Mg uptake by plants

Actively growing plants anything that affects the metabolism of the plant will affect nutrient uptake Metabolic energy is required. Plant roots must be able to respire. Soils must have oxygen

Conditions required for Nutrient Uptake by plants

3) Root hairs are the most active points of nutrient uptake. 4) Process is selective - a carrier ion moves from plasmalemma across the plasma membrane into the outer space of the walls of the cells of the cortex and picks up a nutrient ion and moves back across the membrane.

Nutrient Uptake
outer space NO3K+ Inner space NO3-

NO3-

Carrier ion

Free Space

Energy Required to move carrier across the membrane

Plasma Membrane

Nutrient Uptake
H+ H+ Ca ++

Root Hair

NO3-

HCO3-

Nutrient absorption results in increased acidity.

Soil fertilisa Formulae con potassium sulp recommended planting fertil Nitrogen dosag be determined according to n remaining in t production ty potential stagg applicatio

Developing Crop P Guidelines In order to not over- or under-supply crops with nutrients from manure and fertilizer, it's important to determine the crop's need for nutrients. Consider a broader case, including and beyond P for a minute. A crop has many basic needs. The factor that is in shortest supply, relative to crop needs, will limit the yield of the crop, leaving the other factors in excess. This is known as the Limiting Factor Concept. The Limiting Factor Concept can be illustrated by a barrel of water. The staves represent key factors for crop growth. The shortest stave height limits how much water the barrel can hold (i.e. crop yield).

Produktivitas kacangtanah sangat ditentukan oleh kecukupannya pupuk Ca

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalsium (Ca) pada tanaman Kacangtanah .

Produktivitas bawangputih sangat ditentukan oleh keseimbangan pupuk N dan K

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan N dan K pada tanaman usahatani bawangputih .

Produktivitas dan kualitas umbi bawangputih sangat ditentukan oleh kecukupannya pupuk K

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalium (K) pada tanaman bawnagputih
.

Rendemen tebu sangat ditentukan oleh kecukupannya pupuk K

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan kalium (K) pada tanaman TEBU .

Produktivitas dan kualitas buah semangka sangat ditentukan oleh keseimbangan pupuk Mg dan K

Buatlah uraian (250 kata) mengenai pemupukan Mg dan K pada usahatani semangka .

Relationship between pH-dependent cation exchange capacity and K concentration in soil solution (Modified from Brady and Weil, 1999).

Soils with the same initial K levels may have very different abilities to supply K to crops over time

(Hoeft et al., 2000).

What is the difference between fixed and exchangeable sorbed K?

These two sorbed phases of K exist in a dynamic equilibrium with soil solution but are very different in how readily they respond to changes in solution K+.

Fixed K is bound deep within the soil particles and requires long periods of time, on the order of months to years, to equilibrate with the soil solution. Exchangeable K can be released quickly because it is only weakly held to the surfaces of soil particles, where it is in close contact with the soil solution.

Soils with the same initial K levels may have very different abilities to supply K to crops during a growing season (Hoeft et al., 2000).

Effective K management
Effective K management in agricultural land requires not only a thorough understanding of K transformations in the soil, but also an awareness of how climate, aeration, and water can affect the ability of a plant to access the large reserves of soil K.

Potassium exists in large, albeit finite, amounts in the soil, but the available forms can be depleted over long-term agricultural utilization as has been the case on many farms in the regions .
Large amounts of K are removed from the soil during harvest, and in most parts of regions replenishment of the available K pool with fertilizer amendments are minimal.

AGLIME: KAPUR PERTANIAN

A good liming program is based on a soil test that determines the degree of soil acidity and the correct amount of a liming material needed to neutralize that acidity.

Once this amount is determined, a liming material must be selected that will economically satisfy the soil test recommendation and result in maximum, efficient production. However, before considering the necessary lime application amounts, an understanding of aglime materials, quality, and associated laws is helpful.

Kualitas Kapur: Aglime quality

Not all limestone is the same. The quality of aglime varies significantly and should be an important consideration in aglime management.
Four factors are most important in assessing aglime quality; chemical purity, speed of reaction, magnesium content, and moisture.

Chemical purity
The chemical purity of aglime determines the amount of soil acidity the material can neutralize. Chemical purity is indicated by the materials calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE): The amount of soil acidity the material can neutralize compared to pure calcium carbonate (calcitic limestone, CaCO3). The CCE is given as a percentage: a 100-percent-CCE limestone would be just as effective as pure calcitic limestone in neutralizing value; 90-percent-CCE limestone would be only 90 percent as effective; and a 109-percent-CCE limestone such as a dolomitic limestone would be 109 percent as effective. CCE indicates only the equivalent neutralizing value of an aglime material; it says nothing about the actual calcium carbonate content of the material. For example, note that pure calcium hydroxide (hydrated or slaked lime) has a CCE of 136 percent but contains no calcium carbonate.

Kecepatan Reaksi
The speed with which an aglime material reacts with the soil to neutralize acidity and thus increases soil pH is determined by the fineness of the material. The finer the material, the faster it will react because limestones solubility increases as it is ground finer. Also, limestone affects only a very small volume of soil around each particle, so the finer the material, the greater the total surface area that is available to come into contact with the soil and neutralize it (assuming adequate soil mixing). Aglime should react with the soil as quickly as possible. Generally, aglime should react completely within three years. Quicker reaction may be desirable on rented ground or for shorterseason annual crops.

Aglime fineness is given as the percentage of the material that passes through sieves of specified mesh. Sieve mesh is the number of wires per inch on the sieve. The higher the number, the finer the material that will pass through.

Aglime larger than 20 mesh (about the fineness of table salt/sugar) reacts extremely slowly; little will react within two to three years. The speed of reaction increases to a practical maximum with 100mesh material. The effect of aglime fineness on speed of reaction is shown clearly in Figure 3.

Kadar Ca dan Mg
In addition to acid neutralization capabilities, lime also serves as a source of calcium and magnesium. The magnesium content of aglime is important when a soil test indicates a need for magnesium. Magnesium requirements are met most economically by applying an aglime material that contains magnesium. The magnesium content of aglime varies considerably. Unfortunately, there is no official trade classification of limestone according to its magnesium content. Local classification schemes often create confusion. Therefore, to select the proper aglime material, you should use the actual magnesium analysis rather than a name (e.g., dolomitic lime, high-magnesium lime).

Kadar Ca dan Mg
Magnesium soil-test recommendations are usually given in one of the three different ways: As pounds of Mg per acre, or as pounds of MgO per acre, or as pounds of calcium carbonate equivalent per acre with a specific Mg or MgO content. Liming materials must be labeled to indicate their percentage of Mg; however, additional information on percentage of MgO may also appear. When the recommendation and label are in different forms, a simple conversion is required. To convert Mg into MgO, multiply by 1.67; but to convert MgO into Mg, multiply by 0.602.

Moisture: Kadar Air Tanah

The moisture content of an aglime does not directly affect its effectiveness. However, since lime is sold and applied by weight, including water weight, a high moisture content means less actual liming material per ton. When moisture content approaches 10 percent or more, the application rate of aglime per acre should be adjusted to ensure that the required amount of actual liming material is applied to the soil. Use the following formula to make the adjustment or refer to the example calculations section:
soil test recommendation (CCE/A) x 100 ---------------------------------------------------------100 - % moisture

SOIL TEST AGLIME RECOMMENDATIONS

Liming an acid soil to an optimal range is the initial step in creating favorable soil conditions for productive plant growth. The lime recommendation on the soil test report is based on the amount of exchangeable acidity (or exchangeable H+) measured by the lime requirement soil test and the optimum soil pH for the crop. For a desired pH of 7.0, the lime requirement can be estimated as follows: Lime requirement = exchangeable acidity x 1,000 For a desired pH 6.5, the lime requirement is estimated as follows: If the exchangeable acidity is greater than 4.0, then:

Lime requirement = exchangeable acidity x 840

If the exchangeable acidity is less than 4.0 and the soil pH is still less than 6.5, then: Lime requirement = 2,000 lb/A.

Otherwise, no lime is required.

Calcium and Magnesium Cycling

Ca and Mg occur in the soil as soluble divalent (doublecharged) cations (Ca+2 and Mg+2), on cation exchange sites, and in mineral forms. The major processes in the Ca/Mg cycle are plant uptake, exchange, precipitation, weathering, and leaching . Ca/Mg dynamics in the soil are quite similar to K . Like K, plants absorb the soluble ionic form from soil solution, which is then replenished by exchangeable and mineral Ca/Mg.

The most notable difference between these nutrient cycles is the absence of Ca/Mg clay fixation.

CALCIUM: Ca
Ca plays an important role in cell elongation and maintaining membrane structure in plants. The presence of Ca in roots also regulates plant cation uptake by limiting excessive sodium (Na) and increasing beneficial K absorption. Most soils, especially those in Montana and Wyoming, contain abundant Ca in solution (30-300 ppm) relative to most crop requirements (~15 ppm).

The supply of Ca in soil solution can be ten times larger than K and plants require much less Ca, so deficiencies are rare. Mass flow supplies adequate Ca to plant roots, except in low Ca soils, where diffusion becomes an important process.

Ca is usually the dominant base cation in exchange reactions, accounting for more than 70% of base saturation. Base saturation represents the percentage of the CEC occupied by base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and generally increases with pH. Exchangeable Ca exists in equilibrium with the soil solution, replenishing soluble Ca losses by plant uptake or leaching. Leaching can be significant in coarse-textured, acidic soils where substantial water moves through the profile.

In many calcareous soils, some Ca leaches out of the more acidic, organic-rich topsoil and precipitates in a Ca-rich calcic horizon in the sub-soil in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or gypsum (CaSO4). In addition to the dissolution of these secondary deposits, Ca is also released through the weathering of primary minerals such as feldspars, micas, and limestone; all of which are common throughout this region.

Because of its strong divalent charge, Ca acts as an ionic glue, attracting clay particles and promoting aggregation through a process called flocculation.
Soils with high levels of sodium (Na), referred to as sodic soils, promote dispersion which is the opposite of flocculation. When monovalent (singlecharged) Na ions dominate the clay surfaces in the soil, the weak positive charge of the ion is not strong enough to overcome the negative charges of clay particles, which then repel each other. The result of dispersion is a structureless, gel-like soil with insufficient aeration, permeability, and water-holding capacity for optimum plant growth.

Additions of Ca in the form of gypsum are frequently prescribed for reclaiming sodic soils because it counters the effects of Na and promotes the aggregation critical for soil productivity. Gypsum is preferable to CaCO3 because gypsum is more soluble. Low Na irrigation water or rainwater can then be used to leach Na out of the soil profile.

MAGNESIUM
Mg plays a critical role in nearly all parts of plant metabolism and protein synthesis, and is an essential constituent of chlorophyll. Plants require less Mg than Ca, but deficiencies are more common because less Mg exists in the soil solution. Mineral forms of Mg are relatively resistant to weathering and represent a large fraction of total soil Mg. Mineral forms of Mg include biotite, horneblende, olivene, dolomite, and most 2:1 clay minerals. Soluble Mg can also precipitate out of solution as MgCO3 or MgSO4, frequently along with CaCO3 in the sub-surface. Although Ca and Mg share the same exchange processes, Mg sorbs less strongly to soil colloids and therefore is more prone to leaching, particularly in sandy soils. As a cation, Mg competes with Ca+2, K+, and NH4+ for plant absorption and cation exchange sites. Mg deficiencies occur when these other cations dominate soils with low Mg concentrations (<10% of base saturation). A common Mg deficiency problem in cattle is grass tetany, or hypomagnesaemia, due to insufficient Mg in forage.

EFFECT OF LIME ON NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SOILS, YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF POTATO AND INFESTATION BY LEAFMINERS
B Lalljee and S Facknath Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius ABSTRACT The effects of lime application on micronutrient content of soil and yield and nutrient of two varieties of potato, Solanum tuberosum, were studied. Lime addition at various rates, 0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha-1 increased pH of soil from 5.12 to 7.22 in a period of 12 weeks. Available soil zinc, copper, iron and manganese decreased with increasing levels of lime, whereas available boron increased. Liming had positive effects on the yield, protein content, ash, starch, and calcium of both varieties of potato tubers. However, Zn, Cu, Fe and P decreased with increased application of lime. All results were significant at 5% level. Leaf miner infestation was not significant in terms of numbers of adults, but showed a slight significance with respect to punctures on treated leaves

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