English semantics Groups 7

COMPOUNDING AND BLENDING

I DEWA GEDE LANGKIR (E1D110064) M.AZRIANSAH (E1D106113) ARDIAN HIDAYAT (E1D107011)

Compounding ?

A. Definition
Compounding is a formation of new words by stringing together other words. A compound word is made when two words are joined to form a new word. Compound word is often used in place of phrasal word.

Are they the same ?

However, compound word is not the same as phrasal word. See the following examples.
Phrasal word Black board : board that is black Compounding Blackboard : board for writing on

Silk worm : worm made of silk (a silk toy) Hair net : net made of hair White house : house that is white

Silkworm : caterpillar that spins silk

Hairnet : net for covering hair (the) Whitehouse : residence for US President Toy factory : factory where toy is made

Toy factory : factory that is toy

How the word constructed ?

White Wash

Whitewash
(A liquid composition for whitening surface)

B. Classifications
a. Compound verbs

1. Verb Verb ( break-dance, test drive) 2. Noun verb ( hand wash, air-condition) 3. adjective.- verb ( dry-clean, white wash) 4. preposition-verb ( underestimate, overcook)

b. Compound adjective
According their structure, compound adjective are divided into :

1) Noun- Adjective : sky-high, coalblack , oil-rich 2) Adjective-adjective : grey-green, squeaky-clean, 3) Preposition-adjective : under full, overactive

C. Compound noun
1). Verb noun : swearword ,drop hammer, playtime 2). Noun noun :hairnet ,mosquito net ,butterfly net , hair restorer 3). Adjective-noun :blackboard , greenstone, faint heart 4). Preposition-noun : outpost ,overcoat

c. Type of compound
1. Endocentric compounds

have one head only and are the most common compounds in English. truck driver someone who drives a truck as an occupation dog food a type of food for dogs cave man a type of man

2. Possessive compounds (exocentric compounds)

lazybones a lazy person Doughnut a small ring-shaped fried cake shoplifter a non-traditional shopper

shopping without paying

3. Copulative compounds (appositional compounds) Copulative compounds are words consisting of two elements having a coordinate relationship as if connected by and. The elements share an equal status.
Slovene-Croatian relationship false friends

bitter and sweet Songwriter-producer-arranger a multioperational person

bitter-sweet

4. Other obscured compounds The element division in compounds especially of those from the Old English has become blurred during the past centuries. garlic ('spear' + 'leek') holiday ('holy' + 'day') woman ('lady' + 'person') sheriff ('shire' + 'reeve') A form of compounding called kenning exists in the Old English poetry, The resulting compound is like a riddle hron-rade whale-road sea beaga brytta ring-giver lord

Blending ?
a. Definitions
Blending is the process of forming a word by

combining parts of words.

Blends are hybrid words.

Examples: information + entertainment : infotainment Smack + mash : Smash Smoke + fog : Smog Guess + estimate : Guesstimate ? Modulator + ? + : Modem
demodulator

b. Blending formations
There are many types of blends, based on how they are formed. Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three group : 1. Phonemic Overlap : a syllable or part of a syllable is shared between two words. Example: Brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch Breakfast lunch

Brunch

2. Clip : the shortening of two words and then compounding them. Example : Intercom , from internal and communication. Internal communication

Intercom

 Phonemic Overlap and Clipping : shortening

of two words to a shared syllable and then compounding. Example : stagflation, from stagnation And inflation Stagnation inflation

Stagflation

Most blends are formed by one of the following methods:

1)
In the beginning

The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. For example, Brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch

In the end

2) The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, Cyborg is a blend of cybernetic and organism.
In the beginning Also in the beginning

3) Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For example, the word
Californication is a blend of California and fornication.

Conclusion
Compound and blending have similar process in changing word , its process involved items from two words. In compounding, involve combination two words in constructing a new word While blending, involve a part of word such syllable or morpheme in constructing a word

References
Andrej Kavi . (2004) Grammar Seminar Paper
Compounding. University of Ljubljana Faculty of Arts Department of English. file:///E:/Compound-Word.htm Eva Nurfatimah. (2010) English word blends. Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Letters, Gunadarma University http://www.gunadarma.ac.id

 Multiple sounds from two component words

are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds order. An example of this is the word Slithy , a blend of slimy and lithe