COMMUNICATION NETWORK

BY S.PRADEEPHA

COMMUNICATION PROCESS TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MODULATION TRANSMITERS RECEIVERS NOISE &NOISE FIGURE SAMPLING

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Process of transferring information between source and destination. INFORMATION SOURCE: Source produce message and it is physical signal which is converted into time varying electrical signal by transducer. This signal is called as message signals or modulating signals. TRANSMITTER: Consists of electrical and electronic components which converts message signal into suitable form for propagating through communication medium by modulating signal. Thus modulation process is carried out in transmitter. CHANNEL: Channel provide connection between source and destination. It may beof many forms like coaxial cable, microwave links or an optical fiber. RECEIVER: In receiver, demodulation process is performed. Receiver extract message signal from degraded version of transmitted message. DESTINTION: At destination anothr transducer is used to convert the electrical signal into appropriate message signal.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

SOURCE

TRANSMITTER

CHANNEL

RECEIVER

DESTINATION

NOISE

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
BASED ON MODULATION BASED ON CHANNEL

ANALOG
CONTINOUS WAVE MODULATION 1.AM. 2.FM. 3.PM . PULSE MODULATION 1.PAM. 2.PWM. 3.PPM

DIGITAL
1.PDM 2.DPCM 3.PCM

LINE

RADIO

 ANALOG COMMUNICATION:

AM-Amplitude Modulation. FM-Frequency Modulation. PM-Phase Modulation.

BASED ON MODULATION

It is designed to transmit analog information using analog modulation such as amplitude, frequency and phase modulation. CONTINOUS WAVE MODULATION:

PULSE MODULATION:
PAM-Pulse amplitude Modulation. PWM-Pulse Width Modulation. PPM-Pulse position Modulation.

DIGITAL MODULATION :
It is designed to transmit digital information using digital modulation such as PDM, PCM and DPCM.

PDM-Pulse Duration Modulation. PCM-Pulse Code Modulation. DPCM-Differential Pulse Code Modulation.

BASED ON CHANNEL

LINE COMMUNICATION:
In line communication the medium of transmission is a pair of conductors called transmission lines. Each transmission lines can normally convey only one message at a time.

RADIO COMMUNICATION:
In radio communication, the message is transmitted through open space by electro magnetic waves called radio waves.

MODULATION
Modulation is a process of converting analog signal into digital signal by using external signal. NEED FOR MODULATION:

To reduce noise and interference. To convert wide signal into narrow signal. For easy transmission. To transmit more signal in one channel to different location- multiplexing To overcome equipment limitations.

TRANSMITTERS
Transmitters consists of electrical and electronic components used to modulate the signal into digital signal. Classifications of transmitters

Based on modulation 1.AM Transmitters. 2.FM Transmitters. 3. PM Transmitters.

Based on service used Based on frequency 1.Radio broadcast. 1.Medium wave . 2.radio telephone. 2.Short wave. 3.radar transmitters. 3.micro wave. 4.Television 4.VHF and UHF.

BASED ON MODULATION
AM TRANSMITTERS:
In this amplitude of carrier signal is altered in respect to amplitude of modulating signal.

FM TRANSMITTERS:
Here modulating signal modulator alters the frequency of the carrier signal.

PM TRANSMITTERS:
The modulating signal modulator alters the pulse angle of carrier signal.

BASED ON SERVICE
RADIO BROADCAST TRANSMITTERS:
Used to transmit speech, music for an formation and recreation of public.

RADIO TELEPHONE TRANSMITTERS:

Transmitting telephone signals over a long distance.

RADAR TRANSMITTERS:
The carrier is pulse modulated and operates at microwave frequency typically 3000MHZto 10,000MHZ.

TELEVISION TRANSMITTER:
Here the picture transmitted are amplitude modulated at bandwidth of 5.5MHZ and sound carrier frequency modulated at 0.75MHZ

BASED ON FREQUENCY
MEDIUM WAVE TRANSMITTER:
Operates at frequency range of 650 to 1650KHZ.

SHORT WAVE TRANSMITTER: Operates at 3 to 30MHZ. MICROWAVE TRANSMITTER: Operates beyond 1000MHZ. VHF AND UHF TRANSMIITER: Operates at either VHF of range(30 to 300MHZ) or UHF of range(300 to
3000MHZ).

RECEIVERS
The receiver selects desired signal from amplified signal and demodulation is carried out. CHARACTERISTICS OF RECEIVERS: 1. sensitivity. 2.Selectivity. 3.Stability. 4.Signal to noise ratio (SNR).

CLASSIFICATION OF RECEIVER
1.BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: STRAIGHT OR TRF :Operates in forward manner without frequency conversion. SUPERHETERODYNE: Incoming R.F signal is converted into standard
intermediate frequency with the help of frequency converter. oscillator to produce audio beat with IF signal.

2.CODE RECEIVERS: Simple super heterodyne receivers with IF beat frequency 3.RADAR RECEIVER: Used to receive radar signals. 4.BASED ON APPLICATIONS:
AM RECEIVER: To receive speech, music from AM broadcast transmitter. FM RECEIVER: To receive broadcast programs from FM broadcast in VHF and UHF. TV RECEIVER: Receive television broadcast. COMMUNICATION RECEIVER: Used for reception of code or shortwave telephone signals.

NOISE
Noise is a unwanted form of electrical signals which interfere during reception or reproduction of desired signals.

TYPES OF NOISES
UNCORRELATED INTERNAL
1.THERMAL 2.SHORT 3.PARTITION

CORRELATED

EXTERNAL
1.ATMOSPHERIC 2. MANMADE

CORRELATED NOISE:
Correlated to signal and cannot present unless there is an input signal Produced by non linear devices like diodes.

UNCORRELATED NOISE:
Present regardless of weather there is a signal present or not.

NOISE FACTOR & SAMPLING

Noise figure or Noise factor is used to indicate how much the signal to noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes through a circuit. Noise factor=SNR power at input SNR power at output SNR=Signal power Noise power

SAMPLING THEORM:
According to this sampling frequency of message signal should be greater or equal the twice the maximum frequency of message signal.

fs >= 2fmax fs=sampling frequency fmax=maximum frequency