ORACLE SQL

Overview
Personal DBMS Vs Client/Server DBMS Oracle 8 Environment SQL syntax and examples PL/SQL-introduction

Server

Personal DBMS

Gets file requests from clients Sends files to client Receives files back from clients

NETWORK

Client A Sends file requests to server Receives files from server Updates data Sends files back to server

Client B Sends file requests to server Receives files from server Updates data Sends files back to server

Personal DBMS - Problems

Demand on the client and the network Does not perform table locking automatically Not fault tolerant in the case of client failure Do not have file based transaction logging

Server

Client/server DBMS

Gets data requests from clients Adds, Deletes and updates data Sends results to clients

NETWORK

Client A Sends data requests to server Receives results from server Sends new data or changes to server

Client B Sends data requests to server Receives results from server Sends new data or changes to server

Client/Server DBMS
Minimal load on the client and the network Performs table locking automatically Fault tolerant in the case of client failure File based transaction logging

Oracle 8 Environment
SQL * Plus PL/SQL Query Builder Developer Enterprise Manager Web application server

SQL*Plus commands
Sqlplus username/password

ALTER USER user-name IDENTIFIED BY newpassword

START filename | @ filename

CLEAR SCREEN
HELP <command>

SAVE filename[.ext] REPLACE|APPEND

EXIT

SQL
Both an ANSI and ISO standard Types of commands:
1.

2.

3. 4. 5.

Data Definition Language (DDL) : Create, Alter, Drop, Rename, Truncate Data Manipulation Language (DML): Insert, Delete, Update Data Retrieval: Select Transaction Control: Commit, Rollback, Savepoint Data Control Language (DCL): Grant, Revoke

DEPARTMENT
Dept ID 10 20 30 40 Dept Name Finance Infosys Marketing Accountant Location Charlotte New York Woodbridge California

POSITION

QUALIFICATION
Position ID 1 Position Description President Qualification ID Qualification Description

2
3 4 5

Manager
Programmer Accountant Salesman

1
2 3 4

Doctorate
Masters Bachelors Associates

EMPLOYEE
Emp ID 111 246 123 433 543 200 222 Last Name Smith Houston Roberts McCall Dev Shaw Chen First Name John Larry Sandi Alex Dereck Jinku Sunny Position ID 1 2 2 3 2 5 4 111 111 543 111 135 123 Super ID Hire Date 04/15/60 05/19/67 12/02/91 05/10/97 03/15/95 01/03/00 08/15/99 Salary Comm Dept ID 10 40 10 20 2000 3000 20 30 10 3 Qual ID 1 2 2 4 1

265000 150000 75000 66500 80000 24500 35000

3500 1000

135

Garner

Stanley

111

02/29/96

45000

5000

30

Data Definition Language:

CREATE TABLE {table} ( {column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint] ... | table_constraint} [, { column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint] ... )

ALTER TABLE {table} [ADD|MODIFY {column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint]} [DROP drop_clause]

DROP TABLE {table} [cascade constraints] DESC {table}

CREATE TABLE Emp ( empid Decimal(10) NOT NULL, positionid Number(2), supervisorid Number(3), deptid Number(2), qualid Number(1), lname varchar2(10), fname varchar2(10), salary Decimal(10,2), hiredate Date, commission Decimal(4,2), PRIMARY KEY (empid), FOREIGN KEY (positionid) REFERENCES Position(positionid), FOREIGN KEY (deptid) REFERENCES Dept(deptid), FOREIGN KEY (qualid) REFERENCES Qualification(qualid) );
ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY Commission decimal(7,2);

Data Manipulation Language:

INSERT INTO {table | view} [ (column [, column] ...) ] VALUES (expr,expr ...)

UPDATE {table | view } SET { (column [, column] = { expr | } [WHERE condition]

DELETE [FROM] {table | view} [WHERE condition]

INSERT INTO Dept( deptid,deptname,location) VALUES(50,'IT','Dallas'); INSERT INTO Emp(empid, lname,fname,positionid, supervisorid,hiredate, salary,deptid,qualid) VALUES(227,'howser','Barbara',4,111,'25-AUG-83',45000,10,3); UPDATE dept SET deptname='Sales' WHERE deptID=50; DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptid='50';

Data Retrieval:
SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {table|view} FROM {table | view} [WHERE condition ] [GROUP BY expr [, expr]] [ORDER BY {expr} [ASC | DESC]]
select * from dept; select deptname from dept where deptid='10'; select lname,fname from emp order by lname desc; select max(salary) from emp group by positionid; select deptname from dept,emp where dept.deptid=emp.deptid and emp.empid='111';

Transaction Control: COMMIT ROLLBACK [ to {savepoint}]

SAVEPOINT {name}
commit; savepoint point1; rollback to point1;

Data Control Language:

GRANT [privileges] ON object TO user|public [WITH GRANT OPTION]

REVOKE [privileges] ON object TO user|public [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]

grant select,update on emp to XYZ ;

revoke update on emp to XYZ;

A PL/SQL Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE raise_salary (empno INTEGER, increase REAL) IS current_salary REAL; salary_missing EXCEPTION; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO current_salary FROM emp WHERE emp.empid = empno; IF current_salary IS NULL THEN RAISE salary_missing; ELSE UPDATE emp SET salary = salary + increase WHERE emp.empid = empno; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN salary_missing THEN UPDATE emp SET salary=0 where emp.empid=empno; END raise_salary;