PowerPoint Presentation

for
Instructors Online Learning Center


Thermodynamics
An Engineering Approach
Fourth Edition

Yunus A. engel
Michael A. Boles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CHAPTER
1

Basic Concepts
of Thermodynamics
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Mechanical
Engineering
Mechanics
Energy
Systems
Design
The over arching goal is
design of products to
meet societal needs.
General overview
Thermodynamics
A part of the Energy
component of mechanical
engineering.
Governs all energy
consuming and
transforming devices and
system.
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
The engineering framework
THEORY
JUDGMENT
(DESI GN)
DATA
FIGURE 15
Some application areas of
thermodynamics.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1
Diet
Air vents
FIGURE 17
The definition of the force units.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-2
1 lbm will have a gravitational force on it of 1 lbf on earth.
Check for dimensional homogeneity!
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Beginning ideas and
concepts...
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Macroscopic vs. microscopic
viewpoints...
A collection of atoms within a container, each with a unique velocity.
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Number of atoms = N
Energy of each atom =
2
2
1
V m e =
Total Energy =

=
= =
N
i
ke V m
N
eN
1
1
2
2
Energy in a microscopic description
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
The energy in both cases
is the same, E. In the
macroscopic description,
atomistic concepts are
disregarded.
How we describe the
system chosen for study
requires careful selection of
properties that are based
on observable, measurable
quantities.
The macroscopic description
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
The macroscopic
viewpoint...
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
State of a
thermodynamic
system.
Enumeration of
all of its
properties.
I n macroscopic thermodynamics,
the properties of system are
assigned to the system as a whole.
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Properties in macroscopic thermodynamics
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A
=
0
0

m
lim
0
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

Molecular and atomic
effects are important
Limit of the macroscopic
model and assumptions.
(m
3
)
0
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
How does the state of
system change?
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System
Energetic interactions
Surroundings
Energy
Flow
System Boundary
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Basic definitions...
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System
0 =
dt
dm
Closed
System
Open
System
Mass Flow
Mass Flow
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System and surroundings
Universe = Systems +Surroundings
Closed System
Surroundings
System Boundary
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System and surroundings
Open systems have mass flow across
their boundaries.
Open System
( Fixed space or
volume)
Surroundings
Control Surface
Mass flow
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
I nteractions between
system and surroundings...
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Closed system
System
Surroundings
Work
Heat
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Open system
System
Surroundings
Mass Flow
Mass
Flow
Power
Heat
Usually look at rates.
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Example: Piston and cylinder - a closed system
m
Gas at pressure, p
Piston
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Example: The gas turbine engine - an open system
Shaft Work Output
Combustor
Fuel Flow I n
Air Flow I n
Exhaust Gases Out
Compressor Work Out
FIGURE 117
A control volume may involve fixed,
moving, real, and imaginary
boundaries.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-5
A control volume is an open system
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Key concepts and terms
Closed System
Open System
System Boundary
Surroundings
Universe
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamic State
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Equilibrium states and
properties
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Properties
Properties:
Temperature
Pressure
Volume
Internal energy
Entropy
System
The system can be either open or
closed. The concept of a property
still applies.
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Classes of properties
Extensive
MASS
VOLUME
ENERGY

ADDITIVE OVER
THE SYSTEM.
Intensive
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
DENSITY

NOT ADDITIVE
OVER THE SYSTEM.
Specific Properties
Continuum approach is valid if system is large
compared to distance between molecules
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
State
At a given state, all the properties of the
system have fixed values.
If the value of one property changes, the
state changes.
If no properties are changing, then it is at
equilibrium
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium
states.
No driving forces
Mechanical equilibrium
No change in pressure with time
Thermal equilibrium
Temperature is same throughout system
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Equilibrium
Phase equilibrium
No change in the amounts of different phases
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical composition does not change with
time.
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide #
Energy, Heat and Work
Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
State Postulate
The state of a simple compressible system
is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties
Simple compressible system:
Absence of electrical, magnetic, gravitational,
motion and surface tension effects.
Independent if one property can be held
constant while another is varied