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American theorist most closely associated with the humanistic theory. Some times called The Founder of Humanism.
University of Wiscosin.
Also one of the found fathers of the Humanistic theory.
Maslows
Hierarchy of
Needs
Perceptions of your experiences is a result of your own view rather than environment.
Focus on self, the individual. Nurture over nature. Decisions are goal-oriented , and organism has a natural tendency to strive, actualize and enhance individuals experience. This idea of a humans journey to self actualization is best described in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Humanistic, or Phenomenological Therapy The person is viewed as creative, responsible, developing individual By providing a therapeutic atmosphere which is real, caring, and non-judgmental the person can develop their full potential
Challenges
PC challenges:
The assumption that the counsellor knows best The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems without direct help The focus on problems over persons
Emphasizes
Emphasizes:
self-
actualization The personal characteristics of the therapist The quality of the therapeutic relationship
Emphasizes
Emphasizes:
People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship Person-Centered Therapy is a form of
humanistic therapy
toward order, complexity and interrelatedness Seen across aspects of nature including the stars, crystals, microorganisms and humans
Genuineness/Congruence
Correspondence between the therapists thoughts and their behavior Therapists regard/attitude remains unaltered regardless of the clients choices Profound interest and care for the clients perceptions and feelings
Empathy
Self-concept
At therapy onset, self regard/self-esteem often low Improvement correlated with success in therapy At therapy onset, focus on what others think Progress associated with internal locus-of-evaluation At therapy onset, rigid Success related to flexibility
Locus-of-Evaluation
Experiencing
phenomenological world
Process marked by clients ability to live
fully
Emphasis
Subjective Interpersonal (PC) Objective intrapersonal (Psychoanalysis) Purpose (PC) Causality (Psychoanalysis)
Characterization Of the individual Holistic (PC) Reductionistic (Psychoanalysis) View of Human Nature People are basically good (PC) People are bad (Psychoanalysis)
View of Transference
Presentation Of Therapist A caring person who is willing to listen (PC) Authority, teacher (Psychoanalysis)
through internal factors whereas behavioral therapy sees behavior changing through external factors.
History of PC Therapy
Carl Rogers was born 1902, Oak Park Illinois Family emphasized strong work ethic, responsibility and the fundamentals of religion. Graduated 1924 from University of Wisconsin Started at the Union Theological Seminary then transferred to Teachers College, Columbia University Worked for 12 years at a Child-Guidance Center In 1939 published Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child Offered professorship at Ohio State University 1940 Rogers presented Some Newer concepts in Psychotherapy at the University of Minnesota (viewed by most as the birth of Client-Centered Therapy) Published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 During WWII served as Director of Counseling Services for the US Organizations Served as head of University of Chicago Counseling Center (12 years) In 1957, Rogers published classic paper on necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy. Rogers died in 1987
his theory to international relationships Since 1982 Biennial International Forums on PC approach Workshops at Warm Springs Person-Centered Review began to be published in 1986 (renamed The PersonCentered Journal)
examined/assimilated
understanding of others
19. As experiences are integrated an internal
locus-of-evaluation develops
defensiveness
threats leading to increased rigidity Therapy allows the individual to accept and integrate all of their experiences
In Roger's personality theory, behavior is
Other Concepts
Experience is the private
world of the
individual
Reality basically refers to the private
perceptions of the individual; For social purposes, reality consists of perceptions that have a high degree of commonality among individuals
Other Concepts
Self is the organized
gestalt of I and me
individual
The process by which an individual
symbolization
Other Concepts
In ambiguous situations individuals tend to
symbolize experiences in a manner consistent with self concept Carl Rogers would view neurosis as the result of incongruence between the real self and the ideal self. All humans had an actualizing tendency, which he saw as a part of the formative tendency of the world
Client and therapist must be in psychological contact Client must experience distress Client must be willing to receive conditions offered by therapist
Process of PC Therapy
Therapy begins at first contact
therapist will go where the client goes For Carl Rogers, empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence (genuineness) were the 3 basic requirements to create a therapeutic environment
Process of PC Therapy
Respect shown immediately for client
therapeutic environment for the therapist, Rogers believed the client must focus on selfconcept, locus-of-evaluation and experiencing Therapys length is determined by client (In person centered therapy termination is decided by the client)
Process of PC Therapy
Quick suggestions and reassurances are avoided Empathy - Understanding another individual by "living" in their internal frame of reference Person centered therapists believe that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change
Process of PC Therapy
Congruence - a correspondence between
the thoughts and the behavior of a therapist Client centered therapy focuses most heavily on the present A successful person centered therapy outcome would be defined by the client's evaluation that therapy was beneficial
clients, to focus on immediate experience, to be real in the relationship with clients Through the therapists attitude of genuine caring, respect, acceptance, and understanding, clients become less defensive and more open to their experience and facilitate the personal growth
Role: Therapists attitude and belief in the inner resources of the client, not in techniques, facilitate personal change in the client Use of self as an instrument of change Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness Is genuine, integrated, and authentic Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client
Therapy Goals
helping a person become a fully functioning
person Clients have the capacity to define their goals an openness to experience A trust in themselves An internal source of evaluation A willingness to continue growing
perception and experience in realityanxietymotivation to help As clients feel understood and accepted, their defensiveness is less necessary and they become more open to their experiences Therapeutic relationship activates clients selfhealing capacities
Therapeutic Techniques
It is not technique-oriented
agent of growth in the client Therapists presence: being completely engaged in the relationship with clients. The best source of knowledge about the client is the individual client Caring confrontations can be beneficial
Application
individual
counseling, group counseling, businesses, international relations, community development education, marriage and family A variety of problems: anxiety, crisis intervention, interpersonal difficulties, depression, personality disorder..
Contributions Has reached more than 30 counties and has been translated to 12 languages Reduction of racial and political tensions Limitations Some people need more structure, coping skills, directedness Some may focus on family or societal expectations instead of internal evaluation May be unfamiliar with people in different cultures
Contribution of PC Therapy
Contributions
Active role of responsibility of client Inner and subjective experience Relationship-centered Focus on therapists attitudes Focus on empathy, being present, and respecting the clients values Value multicultural context
Discount the significance of the past Misunderstanding the basic concept: e.g., reflecting feelings.
People in crisis situations often need more directive intervention strategies. Client tend to expect a more structured approach.
According to Bozarth's summarization of research on psychotherapy, the most consistent variables affecting therapy are empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence (genuineness) Effective psychotherapy predicated on:
Type of therapy, technique, training and experience of therapists are largely irrelevant Clients who receive psychotherapy improve more than those who do not Little support that specific treatments are best for particular issues Most consistent variables related to effectiveness are empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard