The design approach described in this section was introduced in the united states by Tung-Yen Lin in 1963 and

is known as the load-balancing method.

 A structural engineer who was the pioneer of standardizing the use of prestressed concrete. Born in Fuzhou, China as the fourth of eleven children, he was raised in Beijing where his father was a justice of the ROC's Supreme Court. He did not begin formal schooling until age 11, and only so because his parents forged his birth year to be 1911 so that he would qualify. At only 14, entered Jiaotong University's Tangshan Engineering College (now Southwest Jiaotong University), having earned the top score in math and the second best score overall in the college entrance exams for his entering class. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1931 and left for the United States, where he earned his master's degree in civil engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 1933. Lin's master's thesis was the first

 The concept of load balancing is introduced for prestressed concrete structures, as a third approach after the elastic stress and the ultimate strength methods of design and analysis. It is first applied to simple beams and canti-levers and then to continuous beams and rigid frames Principles of load balancing for flat slabs, grid systems, and certain forms of shells and folded plates are introduced The amount of loading to be balanced by prestressing is suggested. Accuracy and limitations of the method are discussed.

Next Reporter.

Load balancing for uniformly loaded beam: external and equivalent loads.

Wbal = balanced load Wo = weight of beam Wd = superimposed dead load KbWl = fractional part of live load

Where: Wp = uniformly distributed upward load P = magnitude of the prestress force y = maximum sag of the tendon l = span of the beam

Where: F = fiber stress P = P cos =stress at midspan A = Cross sectional area

When imposed load exceeds the balancing load, Wb, such that an additional unbalanced load, Wub, is applied, a moment, Mub results at midspan.

Fiber stress at top midspan

Fiber stress at bottom midspan

Where: P = P cos Ac = cross sectional area Mub = unbalanced moment S = moment of inertia

Next Reporter.

Load in the concrete is balanced by stressing the steel. Beam will not be subjected to any transverse load. Positive Value indicates tensile stresses Negative values indicates compression stresses Stress due to pre stressing stress ()

Stress due to Load ()

Maximum stress at top and bottom ()

 A prestressed rectangular beam has a cross-section of 400 mm x 800 mm and a simple span of 24 m. The beam is designed to carry a concentrated load of 196 kN at midspan. Concrete covering is 80 mm. ( = 1.528) A.) Compute the effective pre-stress required by load balancing method and compute the stress due to prestress. B.) Compute the stress at bottom section of the beam if the additional concentrated load is 78.5 kN. C.) Compute the stress at top section of the beam if the additional concentrated load is 78.5 kN.

A.) P , due to pre-stress (Load = 196 kN) B.) at the bottom (additional load of 78.5 kN) C.) at the top (additional load of 78.5 kN)

P sin P P cos

P sin
P P cos

12000

12000

R=P

R=P

 = 0

==-

2R = 196 kN 2 (P sin ) = 196 kN kN A.)P P=, 3675 due to pre-stress (Load = 196 kN)
196 kN P sin P P cos

3675000 400(800)

= - 11.48 MPa

P sin
P P cos

12000

12000

R=P

R=P

M=
B.) at the bottom (additional load of 78.5 kN) 78.5 kN

= M = 471 kN-m Maximum stress at . top and P bottom ) P cos(

4 78.5 (24) 4

11.48 P ()
P cos

P sin

( ) 11.04 MPa ()

P sin

12000

12000

R=P

R = P sin

M=
C.) at the top (additional load of 78.5 kN) 78.5 kN

= M = 471 kN-m Maximum stress at top and . P bottom ) P cos(

4 78.5 (24) 4

11.48 P ()
P cos

P sin

( ) 11.04 MPa ()

P sin

12000

12000

R=P

R = P sin