CV physiology.

Components. Heart pumps blood Blood vessels delivery routs.

1.the big arteries the conductive VS. 2.Arterioles the resistance VS. 3.The capillaries the exchange VS. 4. The veins the capacity & return VS. The blood the transport medium.

Normal distribution of blood volume.

Heart----------------------------------7%. Pulmonary circulation------------9%. Systemic circulation. 1.arterial------------------------15%. 2.capillry------------------------5%. 3.venous------------------------64%

Anatomy of the heart.

Has 4 chambers. Heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium i.e. all the atria myocardium or muscle fibers contract ( excite ) & relax as a single unit. The same is true for ventricular muscle. Heart has 3 layers ( epicardium, myocardium, & endocardium ). The pericardium is a doubled walled sac that encloses the heart & helps protect it from trauma & infection.

BP = CO x PR.
Pressure difference provides the force that keep blood moving. The driving force which pushes blood from the heart to different parts of the body. Normal BP lies b / n 90/60__ 140/90.

Components of BP.
Systole atrial & ventricular contraction or emptying. Sp pressure produced in arteries after each ventricular contraction. Diastole atrial & ventricular relaxation or filling. DBP pressure remaining in aorta & major arteries during diastole. Pulse pressure (PP) = SP DBP. MAP = DP + 1/3 PP. or 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP

Factors affecting SV. Pre load or EDV depends on 1. length of diastole. 2. venous pressure ( venous return ). Frank starling mechanism states that the greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling the greater the force of contraction & the greater the quantity of blood ejected to the aorta. Contractility. After load. Wall motion abnormalities. Valvular dysfunction.

CO = SV x HR.

How length of diastole affect the CO ?

increase in HR shorten all phases of the cardiac cycle. The length of time for ventricular relaxation is shortened, there is less time for them to fill adequately with blood. The amount of blood sent to the coronary arteries is reduced so signs of myocardial ischemia may be seen.

Ejection fraction.
The percentage of blood pumped out of a heart chamber with each contraction. EF is used as a measure of ventricular function. A normal EF is more than 50 %. EF = SV/ EDV x 100.

Blood vessels

types. Arteries branch out from big to small. Arterioles smallest arteries resistance VS. Capillaries microscopic in size. Veins merge together from small to big.

Regulation of Bp.
Neural. Hormonal.

Two types of circulation.

Pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation.