Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ethics Definition: (It has several meanings is common use it refers to). It refers to, a method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behaviour the practices or beliefs of a certain group and the expected standards of moral behaviour of a particular group as described in the groups formal code of professional ethics. Bioethics is ethics as applied to life
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The need for ethical guidelines To protect the rights of the human beings Historical background The Nazi medical experiments of the 1930s and 1940s In USA Tuskegee syphilis study In Jewish chronic disease hospital, Brooklyn 1993, Atomic Energy commission, a US Federal Agency.
Ethical dilemmas in conducting research Does a new medication prolong life in cancer patients? Codes of ethics Nuremberg code Declaration of Helsinki -1964 by the World Medical Assembly Belmont report
Freedom from harm Freedom from exploitation Benefits from research The risk /benefit ratio Major potential benefits to participants Access to an intervention Increased knowledge Escape from normal routine Share the information with others Chance to discuss their problems Direct monetary or material gains
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Physical harm Physical discomfort, fatigue or boredom Psychological or emotional distress Loss of privacy Loss of time Monetary costs
Respect for human dignity includes The right to self determination are the two major elements The right to full disclosure on which informed consent is based
The right to self determination Meaning: The right to self determination means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily on To participate in a study To terminate their participation To refuse to give information To ask for clarification
The right to full disclosure Meaning: Full disclosure means that the research has fully described the nature of the study The participants right to refuse participation, > the researchers responsibilities The likely risks and benefits
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Maintain any identifying information and lists of ID numbers in a locked file Restrict access to identifying information Enter no identifying information onto computer files Destroy identifying information as quickly as is feasible Get the sign of all research personnel on the pledge of confidentially Report research information in the aggregate
Informed consent
Meaning: It means that participants have adequate information regarding the research, are capable of comprehending the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation in the research voluntarily.
The content of informed consent Participant status Study purpose Type of data Nature of the commitment Sponsorship
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Participant selection Procedures Potential risks or costs Potential benefits Confidentially pledge Voluntary consent Right to withdraw Alternatives Contact information
Vulnerable subjects
Children Mentally or emotionally disabled people Physically disabled people The terminally ill Institutionalized people Pregnant women
Human subjects committees or research advisory panel Institutional review board Research critique is not just a review or summary of a study, rather it is a careful critical appraisal of strengths and limitations of piece of research
To develop a balanced evaluation of the studys contribution to knowledge Guidelines to consider on research critique Be sure to comment on the studys strengths as well as its limitations.
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Give specific example of the studys strengths and limitations Try to justify your criticism Be as objective as possible Be sensitive in handling negative comments Suggest realistic alternatives that the researcher might want to consider Evaluate all aspects of the study
Substantive dimensions Methodologic dimensions Interpretive dimensions Presentational and stylistic dimensions
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Critiquing research problems research questions and hypotheses Critiquing research literature reviews Critiquing research theatrical and conceptual frameworks Critiquing research designs Sampling designs Data collection procedures Critiquing data quality and analyses and interpretation Critiquing ethical aspects of a study Critiquing the presentation of a research report.