Turf Management

Prepared by
Farha binti Salim 1014326 Nazathul Atiqah binti Abdul Aziz 1010412 Nur Arifah binti Azizan 1019960 Zur Atiqa binti Zulkifely 1013372

PART 1 Introduction to Golf Course Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC)

KLGCC
KUALA LUMPUR GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
PROJECT BY EGP ARCHITECTURE

Background opened in 1991 36-hole courses West and East Courses were completely redesigned by renowned international golf course architects E & G Parslow, constructed by Sime Darby and incorporated state

Facilities Conference hall Gathering space Fitness centre Swimming pool Tennis, badminton, and squash court Bowling alley Theatre room

GOLF COURSE FEATURES

GOLF COURSE FEATURES

Tee box the area where golfers begin to play each hole (a tee is a small movable stand for positioning the ball before hitting ) fairway a larger area of mown grass, providing a consistent bounce and direction for the ball after it is struck Rough an area of longer grass surrounding the fairway. Players aim to keep their balls from entering this area Out of bounds area outside course where playing the ball is prohibited, and players are instead penalised one stroke. Hazards obstacles designed to make the hole more difficult, such as bodies of water, bunkers or trees Green area of carefully mown grass at the opposite end of the fairway from the tee. A ball lying on the green is played with a special small-faced club called a putter Pin stick with a flag attached indicating the location of the hole within the green. The ball is struck to land in the hole, which has a cup inside to allow easy removal of the ball.
(Source : New Zealand Encyclopedia; Golf)

WEST COURSE

EAST COURSE

Design concept of East course An Exceptional Risk Reward Design 18-hole parkland and native style impeccable fairways and greens elevation changes local terrain environment design in harmony with nature; natural grasses, wetlands and a sanctuary to provide a habitat to the numerous forms of wildlife and birds in the area.

EAST COURSE

Design concept of West course Offering Pristine Playing Conditions 18-hole Tournament garden offers pristine playing conditions exceptional detail aesthetic beauty

WEST COURSE

PART 2 Turf Management of Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC)

TURF SPECIES

Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC) has used two main types of species from paspalum sp. for the golf course. The paspalum sp. that being implemented are: 1. Paspalum vaginatum 2. Paspalum supreme Both species are specifically imported from Georgia, United States (USA)

Paspalum vaginatum

Paspalum supreme

Paspalum vaginatum
COMMON NAME seashore paspalum, biscuit grass, saltwater couch, silt grass, and swamp couch in the English language, grama de costa, grama de mar, gramilla blanca, and gramn in Spanish, herbe rampante in French, and hai que bai in Chinese

QUALITIES
Seashore paspalum is a very salt tolerant warm-season grass sometimes used in warm-season areas where either the soil or irrigation water has a high salt content. It does well near the ocean where it is subject to saltwater.

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Scientific classification Kingdom: (unranked): (unranked): (unranked): Order: Family: Genus: Species: Plantae Angiosperms Monocots Commelinids Poales Poaceae Paspalum P. vaginatum

Paspalum supreme
This new fine-bladed seashore paspalum cultivar, developed by Dr. R.R. Duncan at the University of Georgia's Griffin Experiment Station.
Paspalum supreme has a very fine leaf blade with excellent green color that can be closely mowed to heights of 1/8 inch to 3 inches. The grass is a very aggressive grower and can be grown in and playable two to three weeks faster that other Paspalums. QUALITIES Salinity Resistance Excellent Thrives near coastal areas. This Paspalum will tolerate most types of alternate water sources including treated effluent, gray water, and brackish water. Drought Resistance Excellent SeaIsle Supreme requires less water than many other warm-season turfgrasses. Cold Tolerance Excellent Exhibits excellent cool weather color retention. Wear / Traffic Tolerance Excellent This low-growing, rapid-spreading, semi-dwarf variety exhibits excellent damage recovery due to wear. Shade Tolerance Moderate like most other warm-season grasses, does not tolerate tree shade very well and should not be planted in areas with thick tree canopies or heavy shade. Mowing Height Tolerance Excellent tolerates a wide range of mowing heights suitable for fast greens, as well as fairways, roughs and tee boxes.

CHARACTERISTICS
Culms : 2.5-5 (-10) dm long, glabrous, the flowering ones usually shorter, and conspicuously distichous, stiffly ascending blades, or bladeless. Sheaths often keeled, with small auricles Ligule membranous, ca. 0.5 mm long, with a ring of soft white hairs behind it, the hairs sometimes up to 5 mm long; blades usually stiff, ascending at an uniform angle, 2.5-15 cm long, 3-8 mm wide at base, narrower than summit of sheath, apex attenuate, involute, base abruptly contracted. Racemes 2 (-5), opposite or closely approximate, at first erect and appressed together, usually spreading or reflexed at maturity, often subfalcate, 1.5-7.5 cm long, rachis naked at base, 1-2 (-2.5) mm wide, triangular, flexuous, margins minutely scabrous; Spikelets pale, solitary, imbricate, oblong, 3-4.5 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide; first glume rarely developed, second glume and first lemma equal, thin, 3-7-nerved, the midnerve of both usually obscure, glabrous; Caryopsis narrowly obovate, slightly concavo-convex, 2.5-3 mm long, subacute Source : wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1577-1578

Overall plant structure of seashore paspalum

Collar of seashore paspalum

PESTS AND DISEASES

PESTS AND INSECT IN KUALA LUMPUR GOLF COURSE & CLUB (KLGCC)
Both turf species; paspalum vaginatum and paspalum supreme are facing problems from the pests. The typical pests that KLGCC need to encounter are: SOD WEB WORM Damage is often seen as a small area of leaves that are yellow to brown. Need to know the life cycle of a sod web worm. They are the least damaging and easiest killed in the very small larval state, as in a couple, three days old. Regular monitoring is extremely important and birds acts as indicator of the presence of sod web worm The chemical pesticides that usually used to destroy the sod web worm are Orthene, Dursban and Dipel

Sod webworm larva

Adult sod web worm moth

Typical damaged to turf grass caused by sod webworm

HUNTING BILL BUGS The most difficult turf grass insects to control because the adults armor-like bodies do not readily absorb insecticides. They also do not ingest much insecticide when they chew into a grass stem while feeding.

Billbug life stages: egg, five larval instars, pupa, adult.

Typical damaged to turf grass caused bill bugs

PESTS AND DISEASES

MOLE CRICKETS Mole crickets can damage plants by feeding at night on aboveground foliage or stem tissue and below ground on roots and tubers. Seedlings may be girdled at the stems near the soil surface, though some plants may be completely severed and pulled into a tunnel to be eaten. methods are used to estimate mole cricket populations and assist in timing pesticide applications. They tunnel closer to the surface when the soil is moist and warm, but go deeper if the weather cools or the soil dries. Tunneling reduces the aesthetic quality of turf grass, interferes with the roll of the ball on golf courses, and results in reduced livestock grazing on severely infested pastures. Liquid and granular formulations of insecticides are commonly applied to the soil to suppress young mole cricket nymphs.

Large area of mole cricket tunneling

Mole cricket tunneling in dirt.

Mole cricket anatomy.

PESTS AND DISEASES

FUNGUS AND DISEASES IN KUALA LUMPUR GOLF COURSE & CLUB (KLGCC)
DOLLAR SPOT Dollar spot is caused by the fungal pathogen sclerotinia homoeocarpa, in the sclerotiniaceae family. The pathogen blights leaf tissues but does not affect turf grass roots or crowns. Due to a lack of nitrogen Easily cured with a liquid application of nitrogen at a very low rate. The disease is a common concern on KLGCC golf course turf. Disease symptoms commonly result in poor turf quality and appearance. The disease is most active under conditions of high humidity and warm daytime temperatures 5986 F (15 30 C) BROWN PATCH Brown patch is a turf grass disease that is caused by the Rhizoctonia species fungus. Brown patch symptoms differ depending on the various maintenance practices performed on the turfgrass (mowing height, fertilizer, watering, etc.) Symptoms on turfgrasses that are wet for extended periods and are closely mowed will produce a distinctive gray-purplish bordered ring "smoke-ring" that is up to 50 cm in diameter

DOLLAR SPOT

BROWN PATCH

PART 3 Maintenance works of Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC)

MAINTENANCE WORKS
Highlighted maintenance works at KLGCC (non-competition season) : Basic maintenance works at golf course are ; mowing rolling hollotining fertilizing raking weeding irrigation spraying (pesticide) aeration trimming blowing rubbish collecting Maintenance duration at KLGCC : daily every week every 3 months every 6 months Mowing : everyday Hollotining : 2 times a year Fertilizing and maintenance at green : every week Maintenance at fairway : once a month Maintenance at tea-box : every 2 weeks
(Source : KLGCC)

Fertilizing

Irrigation

(Source : KLGCC)

Hollotining

Mowing

IRRIGATION
The irrigation works applied at KLGCC is automatic irrigation system It is essentially fixed sprinklers automatically activated by controlling the valves at certain time Soil moisture level The operation is according to the condition of the turf

Temperature, Humidity Wind condition Cloud cover ET rate (evapotranspiration) Rainfall

Valve-in head

One of the drainage system to prevent water logging

Sprinkler performance- preferably early in the morning

IRRIGATION
Water source at KLGCC : rain water 15 man-made ponds/lakes are used as water catchment

1 2 3 4 5 10 7 9 8 11 14 15 12 13
The irrigation works will use pump system to draw water from the source 36 hole golf course required 4,000 gallons per minute of water flow rate

FERTILIZATION
Nutrients : Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization in a golf course may be based on the extraction carried out by the crop, the drainage and rivulets losses, and the immobility losses (in the case of phosphorus) or losses caused by nutritional conditions which are maintained in the soil solution. This may be found out through an analysis. Step to fertilize a golf course is to determine the soil fertility by conducting soil analysis SOIL ANALYSIS is to determine; nutritional flaws excesses or imbalance nutrients pH chemical condition salinity sodium contents the presents of heavy metal evaluation of the compound of cationic exchange Steps for fertiliser programme include: monitoring trends from soil and tissue testing developing a programme which provides sufficient nutrients for consistent turf growth and recovery from traffic monitoring the volume of grass clippings being removed when mowing timing fertiliser or chemical applications carefully to avoid wastage, and potential pollution from runoff, or pick-up by golf or maintenance traffic selecting the ideal form of fertiliser for your needs, for example granular, liquid or slow release, which may vary through the season complying with all statutory regulations

Machinery used for fertilization at KLGCC

PESTICIDE APLLICATION AT GOLF COURSE

-The term pesticide covers everything from fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, lumbricides, nematocides and rodenticides. Every time a spraying applicator is taken onto a golf course to apply pesticide, there is a potential pollution risk to the environment and it must be recognised that reliance on pesticides is not a sustainable option for golf course management. -The ideal procedure for pesticide application: ensure all storage, handling and application is carried out by fully qualied greenkeeping personnel and in accordance with local regulations utilise the most effective spraying equipment that will ensure the greatest efficacy from the application while preventing drift ensure that prevailing weather conditions are conducive to safe application, preventing pollution from drift and run-off establish no spray zones around water bodies to remove the potential for pollution to aquatic systems place appropriate signage to warn golfers and the general public that pesticides have been applied review the management strategy to assess how disease, pest and weed problems can be avoided in the future.

Pesticide release at golf course using machinery

(Source : R&A Golf Course Management)

MACHINERY
1. MOWERS
According to Emmons (2000) stated that since 1830 the mowing equipment has drastically changed throughout time into modernized when first mechanical grass mower was developed.

Type of Mower
Controls organized for easy operation and training Rear Roller Bedknife Cutting Direction a) Reel Mower Reel mower is equipped with blades that attached to the reel. This type of mower is usually used to handle a high quality of turf. It is use to maintain green area, tees area and fairway. The reel of the mower with attached blades help to cut off the grass by rotating the blades and guided the grass towards bedknife (actual cutting). In addition, a basket is also attached at the reel mower to collect the clippings. In order to get effect on the turf, the reel mower can be set up to cut the grass in various height as low as 0.10 inch (2.5mm). (Emmons, 2000) Advantage : Offers a safer usage and more fuel efficient Disadvantages : Difficult to cut through seed stalks and cannot mow grass higher than 4 to 6 inches (10.2 to 15.2 cm)

Bedknife

Reel: The reel blade contacts the bedknife to perform a scissors-like cutting action. Front Roller

Petrol Rotary Mower Speed Control

Mower Deck Blade

b) Rotary Mower Rotary mower is a machine that equipped with one blade that rotate horizontally at high speed. It is integral machine that is either pushed by hand or driven by a riding operator. The rotary mower produce cutting like machete (a large knife with a wide blade) or scythe (a tool with a long sharp curved blade and a long handle held in two hands ). (Online: People Powered Machines and Emmons, 2000) Advantage : It can mow tall grass than reel mower and cut through a tough seed stalks and weeds. Easily to mower near trees and building. Disadvantages : Expose to danger as serious accident easily can happened if hand /foot is placed under mowing deck (housing) while the blade is rotating and also dangerous if the rotary blade strike a stone or rock as the object can reflected back at the speed of bullet. Cannot mow grass lower than 1 inch (2.5 cm) as the mowing quality would be unsatisfactory.

Blade rotation

MACHINERY
2. AERATOR Aerator is the secret machine that helps to create a healthy turf area. The aerator involves in making holes on the turf either by pushing a rod into it or by "coring", extracting a plug of soil.
Type of Aerator

a) A Vertical Motion -Type Core Aerator Core aerator machine is operated units that actively take cores of earth out of the soil bed. Also known as aerating or aerifying technique. The hollow metal tubes (spoon/ open tines) that attached at the back of the machine help to make hole on the soil by forcing the tubes into the soil while plugging and removing it. This type of aerator create a deep holes without leaves a negative impact towards the turf. Besides, it is a wellknown machine used for golf greens as it only create minimal disturbance to the surfaces. helps to achieve a longer lasting effect that has more of an impact to the turf. (Online: classenturfcare.com/tr-core_aeration_benefits.asp and Emmons, 2000) Advantage : Reduce turf maintenance requirements

Disadvantages : It is expensive option

Hollow Metal Tubes (spoons/open tines) forced into the soil and removed it.

Aerated the soil by spiking the soil and taken out some soil

3. FERTILIZER SPREADER Type of Spreader a) Rotary Spreader Usually dry fertilizer or granular form is used and distributed using this type of spreader. The rotary spreader also known as centrifugal, broadcast or cyclone spreader. This spreader mostly has plate (impeller) that attached beneath hopper and will spin as the move of spreader wheels. The fertilizer will drop to the adjustable opening and fall into the rotating plate and spread away in semicircular pattern. (Emmons, 2000) Advantage : Very efficient as it works faster

Disadvantages : Does not provide an accurate and uniform distribution of fertilizer and not well spread a different size of fertilizer.
Rotary Spreader

About 12 foot width of fertilizer can be spread to the ground

Semicircular spreader pattern

CULTURAL PRACTICES
1. MOWING Introduction Emmons (2000) stated that in order to create an aesthetical and functional use of turfgrass area, hence the turfgrass has to be mowed frequently. Same as stated by Encik Nizam, the Golf Course Superintendent of KLGCC about mowing in KLGCC has to be done everyday at early in the morning in order to keep the golf area beautiful and removes the interference of tall grass. The tall grass can brings a difficulty for the running game of golf as the movement of golf ball that hit by player might be distracted when hitting the grass and slow the movement of the golf ball. Besides that, for mowing the KLGCCs turfgrasses (Paspalum) shorter also help to create a beautiful effect on visual quality, spring green-up, and shoot density. For this type of turfgrasses needed a detail mowing as reel mower that can help to cut for a shorter height. However, sometimes rotary mower is also used for mowing in order to cut high grasses. Regardless of both mower have to be kept using sharp blade in order to avoid damage to the grass. This turfgrasses can tolerate to the frequent mowing maintenance because this practice does not remove the any meristems (growing points) that necessary for regeneration.

Rotary Mower

Roughs: High grass effect

MOWING PATTERN
During mowing, some of the fairway is designed with mowing pattern as it is advisable to be done. Not only used to highlight the different features of a golf course, create a different view and experiences for the player but it also can bring impact to the healthy of turf by helping to reduce the compaction and rutting created by the mower wheels and avoid from damaging the turf itself. The most common fairway mowing methods are striping, contour mowing, the classic cut, and pushing and pulling. As explained by En. Nizam, the mowing pattern was created by mowing the turfgrasses in different direction. As example for stripes pattern style are often mowed in at least two directions to create a checkerboard pattern. This method creates a striking aesthetic appearance

Different direction of mowing as shown caused light reflecting off the blades of grass and indirectly created pattern on the turf.

MOWING SCHEDULE Mowing for this type of grass at green is done daily. However, for the fairways and tees should be mowed two to three days a week. For roughs, mowing is done for once time a week, but sometimes also has to be depended on the growth rate of grass and height of cut desired. Besides that, the Greens section also is suggested verticutting for at least 2 to 4 times per year that depending on the traffic on fairways and tees and also can be done as often as monthly to twice a week to maintain good turf.

Mowing Height The Paspalum grass equipped in the KLGCC is used at fairway to green, need to be mowed a vary low height of grass shape and it managed to tolerate to the variety of mowing heights required. On fairways and greens, the grass was mowed at about 1/2 inch as it would perform well and even can mowed down until 1/8 inch. However, for the Paspalum at roughs area has been suggested to be mowed from 1-1/2-inch up to about four inches. Sometimes, the turfgrasses at roughs area was left high as in order to stop the ball from rolling off the fairway to the lake.

Grass at rough is mowed height than fairway and create a differences of the grass for each area.

Different area of golf course has different height of mowing required and the size also depended on grass tolerances.

Roughs area near lake has tall height of grass to avoid ball from rolling off into the lake

2. AERATION
Aerating is important maintaining work that many domestic and professional turf maintenance operators undergo more than once a year. The aeration maintenance in KLGCC is done by enforcing hollow metal tube called spoons or open tines into the soil. Then, it will create a hole that resulted from the plug of soil. Distance of hole and its diameter The size for diameter of the holes and it is depended on type of machine. For the holes created at 1 to 6 inches (2.5-15cm) distance apart and are normally will create holes at diameter 0.25- 0.75 inch (6.4119.1 mm). Function and benefit of aeration The holes created help to relieve over soil compaction, allow better water penetration, air, fertilizer, lime, pesticides into the root system. Thus, resulted to the deeper rooted system, healthier and more vigorous turfgrass. Besides that, it also help to dry out soil

Vertical motion of aerator forced to the soil www.mountviewservices.com

Shape of soils that were removed using tines www.mountviewservices.com

Benefits obtain due to aeration maintenance work www.greenerlawns.com

(Emmons, 2000)

REFFERENCES
BOOK 1. Emmons, . R (2000), Turf Grass Science and Management, Delmar, United states PDF PDF on Reel Mower Terminology by Toro University ONLINE Zinn, .S(2004), Environmental Turf, Online: www.environmentalturf.com (Retrieved on 20 October 2013) People Powered Machines, Online: http://www.peoplepowere dmachines.com/reelmower/reel_defined.htm (Retrieved on 22October 2013)

PART 2 Turf Terminologies

TURF TERMINOLOGIES
Ace Address Albatross Approach Apron Aiming Alignment Above The Hole Adjusted Gross Score Aiming Alignment Approach Shot Away Aggregate Air Shot All Square Ambrose Hitting the ball directly from the Tee into the hole or "cup" with one swing of the club. It is usually executed on a par three (3). It is also, known as a "hole-in-one". Stepping up to the ball (taking a stance) and setting the club down behind the ball (grounding the club head). This is the final position taken prior to the start of the take-away. See Double eagle. A shot hit with intentions upon landing the ball on the green. For the average player, the approach shot is usually from 150 to 180 yards to the green. The closely mowed grass between the green and the fairway, usually around three to five feet in width. Also, called the "fringe". Aligning the clubface to the target. The position of the player's body relative to the target-line of the ball. Opposite of "below the hole". If the approach shot leaves the ball "above the hole", it means that the subsequent putt is going to be downhill. Distance control is more difficult when your ball is accelerated by gravity on its way to the hole.

A player's gross score when adjusted (reduced) according to the rules of Equitable Stroke Control and / or any special local conditions when approved by a sanctioning body. Aligning the clubface to the target. The position of the player's body relative to the target-line of the ball. A shot hit with intentions upon landing the ball on the green. For the average player, the approach shot is usually from 150 to 180 yards to the green. Describing the golfer whose ball is farthest from the hole (or cup). The player who is "away" should always play first. Refers to a score made over more than one round of play, or by two or more players playing as partners. A shot where the player addresses the balls, swings, and completely misses the golf-ball. An air shot is counted as a stroke. In match play, a match is all square (tied) when both players or teams have won the same number of holes. A system of team play whereby each player takes a tee shot, after which the most favorable ball position is chosen. All the team's players then take a shot from this new position, and so on. (Also known as a Texas Scramble)

Angle Of Approach/ Attack The angle at which the club head strikes the ball. This affects the trajectory the ball will travel and spin. A class of membership of a golf club with restricted rights at a low cost. Historically, many British golf clubs had small artisan sections, drawn from the working classes. Typically artisan members had limited playing rights, could not enter the clubhouse, had no vote on the management of the club, played in separate competitions from the Artisan main membership and had to perform unpaid maintenance of the course. Often an artisan club was a separate organisation that had negotiated use of a course with a private members club. Some artisan organisations have survived to this day. Any ball that lands off of the green yet still on an imaginary line passing through the flag-stick. The ball can be any distance off of the green, out to infinity, as long as it is still Austin located on the imaginary line. Thus a player can be pin high 50 yards wide right and still claim an Austin. Axis Generally refers to a straight line (the spine) that the upper body rotates around in the course of the golf swing.

Backspin Backswing

Rotation imparted to the ball, by utilizing a highly lofted club to strike the ball. During ball flight, the underside will be spinning in the direction of ball travel. The top side of the ball will be spinning back towards the golfer. Backspin is desired when the golfer wishes the ball to "Sit" or stop upon landing.

The motion that involves the club and every element of the body in taking the club "back" away from the ball and setting it in position at the top of the backswing from which the club can be delivered to the ball at the point of impact. A shot played to the safe part of the course. For example if the flag is right next to the water and the golfer intentional ly shoots away from the flag to avoid the Bail Out water thus bailing out A token or small coin which is placed directly just behind the ball in order to mark the position of the ball on the green. This is usually done to allow another player Ball Marker who is farther away to putt without hitting any other balls. A long pole with a scoop on the end of it used to get balls out of water hazards. Ball Retriever An expression for sand trap. Beach Type of grass which is found in mostly in northern climates. Bent Grass Bermuda Grass This is a type of grass found mostly in southern climates, as it is tougher and more resilient to harsh sunlight. A score of 1 under par for a hole. (i.e. a score of 3 on a par 4 hole) Birdie A term used for the action of the backspin on the ball stopping it very quickly on the green. Bite A score of 1 over par on a hole. Bogey large depression or hollow in the ground along a fairway or around the green, which is sodden or filled with sand. If filled with sand it is called a "sand trap". In the Bunker Rules of Golf, it is considered a hazard! A low trajectory approach shot that is intended to get the ball rolling along a fairway and up onto the green. Similar to a chip shot "bump & run" but hit from a Bump And Run greater distance. The last nine holes of an 18-hole golf course. Back Nine A sharp indentation or cup-like depression caused by the ball landing on the green from a significant distance. "Ball marks" are to be repaired by the player causing Ball Mark the mark, but all players should repair ball marks as they see them. When the ball lies directly on hard ground without any grass to buoy-up the ball, i.e.; where there is no grass creating a gap between the ball and the ground. Bare Lie Golf etiquette demands that other golfers playing on the same hole, are not to stand behind the player who is hitting (caddies included). It applies everywhere on Behind the golf course. Opposite of "above the hole". If the approach shot leaves the ball "below the hole", it means that the subsequent putt is going to be uphill. Distance control is less Below The Hole difficult when your ball is not accelerated by gravity on its way to the hole. "Blading" means to strike the ball with the leading edge of the sole of your club rather than on the clubface. The ball will be propelled with very little loft and likely Blading no backspin, and even sometimes over-spin. Also known as "Hitting it thin". Blast (Explosion Depending upon the circumstances, a golfer may opt to hit the ball out of a sand trap using a technique called an "explosion shot". Shot) Block Shot (Also A shot hit directly to the right (right-handed player). Similar to a severe "push" shot. Push Shot) There are "boundary markers" along the fairways indicating the field of play. Generally white posts are used to mark the "out of bounds" areas. Hitting the ball "out Boundaries of bounds" will result in penalty strokes if your ball comes to rest there. The amount of curve or "break" a putted ball will traverse due to the slope of the green, grain and dryness of the grass, speed of the putt, and extreme wind. Break A hole whose green incorporates a deep gulley that that effectively splits the putting surface in two. Named after a famous example at La Phare Golf Club in Biarritz, Biarritz France. A term used for the action of the backspin on the ball stopping it very quickly on the green. Bite A rubber-like substance used as a cover material for golf balls. Pure balata is rarely, if ever, used today. Instead, manufacturers use blends or synthetic material. Balata Many players prefer balata or balata-like covers because it provides a softer feel. And can provide increased spin. A shot hit directly to the right (right-handed player). Similar to a severe "push" shot. Block

Caddie Carry Casual Water Chip Shot Chip In Choke Chop Clubhead Clubhouse Course Rating Cup Cart Path

A person who is hired to carry a player's bag and clubs from holeto hole on the golf course. Players are responsible for the actions of theircaddies. The distance in the air that a ball must travel before it hits the ground. Any temporary standing water. A short shot typically played close to and around the green. The chip shot is usually made with a medium- lofted club to produce a medium loft on the ball with the intention of having the ball run to the hole. A chip shot from outside the green or fringe, that runs to and drops into the hole. This word has two meanings. One is to grip lower on the club than normal (you may hear the term choke down on the club) The other definition in golf (and most other sports) means to collapse under pressure (i.e. he choked under the pressure of the Masters). To hit the ball with a hacking motion or the word immediately after pork The impact or hitting part of a golf club. A building on a golf course providing facilities for golfers, typically including changing rooms, bar, restaurant, offices for club officials and noticeboards with information about local rules, the conditions of the course, upcoming events etc. A clubhouse may incorporate a pro shop and dormie house. The clubhouse is normally located adjacent to the first and final holes of the course. Course rating is a numerical value given to each set of tees at a particular golf course to approximate the number of strokes it should take a scratch golfer to complete the course. A plastic retainer or "cup" is inserted into the hole in the greenwhich is 4 1/2 inches in diameter, and 4 inches deep. Narrow path extending from hole to hole on the golf course. This path is for motorized golf carts in transporting players and their equipment. The cart paths are usually prepared with concrete or asphalt. Driving the carts primarily on the Cart Path saves wear and tear on the fairway turf. It is a score of 2 on a hole The small round indentations on the golf ball. A piece of ground that is taken up by the club after hitting the ball A pronounced bend either left or right in the fairway. A score of two over par for one hole. three under par for one hole The ball is on the downslope of a hill. When a right handed player addresses the ball his right foot will be higher than his left foot. To make a putt (drain it). This is when a right handed player hits a controlled hook, which goes from right to left. This is the term which means your tee shot. It is also usually the way you get to the golf course. This is the club known as the 1 wood. It is usually the club that hits the ball the farthest. It is also a person that very rich people have to haul them around.

Deuce Dimple Divot Dogleg Double Bogey Double Eagle Downhill Lie Drain Draw Shot Drive Driver

Drop Dub Duffer Downswing Draw Driving Range Decelerate Dormie House Eagle Explosion

This is a way that you get the ball back in play after hitting a shot into the water or out of bounds. This also happens to waitresses when they carry too many plates. A poorly hit shot. I dubbed that shot. One who hits a lot of bad shots. Can also be called a hacker. The swing forward from the top of the backswing. A shot made with the clubface slightly closed at impact, causing theball to take a moderately curved trajectory to the left (for a right-handedgolfer). Opposite of a fade. A shot that flies slightly from right to left for righthanded players. A term used for a practice area utilized for "driving" ballswith irons and woods. Also known as a golf range, practice range, or golf learning center. A slowing or decreasing clubhead speed through the impact area. A building at a golf club providing overnight accommodation. A score of two-under-par on a hole. A shot played from a sand bunker, usually when the ball has buried or settled down into the sand. Depending upon the circumstances, a golfer may opt to hit the ball out of a sand trap using a technique called an "explosion shot". The explosion shot is a strong swing of the club, deliberately intended to hit the ball out of the sandtrap by striking the sand just behind the ball and following through with the clubhead, plowing through the sand under the ball. This propels both the sand and the ball at a high loft angle, perfect for landing the ball softly on the green. The explosion shot can only be used when sand is fine and dry. Wet or granular sand does not work very well on an explosion attempt. The explosion shot is used mainly for greenside bunkers where the ball does not need to travel very far. You hit an explosion shot because you don't want your ball to travel very far. You just want it out of the sandtrapand onto the green with very little roll. Also known as a "blast". Having a score equal to that of par.

Explosion Shot

Even Gimme

Within basic Golf Terms, (in non-tournament play), a "Gimmie" refers to a putt that the other players agree can count automatically without actually being played. Therefore, conceding the Score for that putt. The direction in which the grass grows, specifically on the green (see below). Depending on the variety of grass used on the green and mowing patterns, Grain grain can significantly influence the speed and movement of a putt. The area of specially prepared grass around the hole, where putts are played. Green The total number of strokes a player takes on his round. Gross Grounding The Club Placing the clubhead on the ground behind the ball at address position. Ground Under An area on the golf course that is being repaired. Golfers are able to take a free drop if their ball ends up in ground und er repair. Repair A facility where people can practice their full swings and, in some cases, their short games. Golf Range When the ball strikes a tree deep in the rough and bounces out onto the fairway. Goldie Bounce

A green is considered hit "in regulation" if any part of the ball is touching the putting surface and the number of strokes taken is at least two fewer than par Green In Regulation (i.e., by the first stroke on a par 3, the second stroke on a par 4, or the third stroke on a par 5). Greens in regulation percentage is one of many statistics kept (Gir) by the PGA Tour. (i) The crevices on the face of a club that are designed to impart spin on the ball. (ii) A well practiced swing that is easily repeatable by the golfer is often described as "well grooved" Groove Golden Ferret Hacker Handicap Holing out from a (green-side) bunker. People who demonstrate very little or no golf-etiquette. A number assigned to each player based on his ability and used to adjust each player's score to provide equality among the players. In simplified terms, a handicap number, based on the slope of a course, is subtracted from the player's gross score and gives him a net score of par or better half the time. A hazard is any sand trap, lake, pond, bunker, etc. that may cause problems on the golf course. The part of the clubhead nearest the hosel. A shot hit off the heel is said to be heeled. A circular hole in the ground which is also called "the cup", 4.25 inches (108 mm) in diameter. An approach shot which is even with the hole but off to one side. Ace the process of a player completing the hole. the privilege of hitting first on the next tee. The honor is gained by having the lowest score on the preceding hole. To hit the ball and have it curve gradually from right to left (for right-handed golfers). The hollow part of the clubhead that the shaft fits into. This type of club is new in the last few years and is a cross between an iron and a fairway wood. Hybrids usually replace longer irons (3, 4, 5, 6 irons) or fairway woods. Playing the "back nine" is referred to as "heading in" (towards the clubhouse). The last nine holes of an 18-hole golf course. Playing the "front nine" is referred to as "heading out" (away from the clubhouse). The first nine holes of an 18-hole golf course. The side of the hole that a putt breaks from, towards the hole. Also, known as the "Pro Side". A term referring to placing the ball in the fairway or on the green. "Hitting It Thin" means to strike the ball with the leading edge of the club sole rather than on the clubface. The ball will be propelled with very little loft and likely no backspin, and even sometimes over-spin. Also known as "Blading". A hole or green meant to be reached in one stroke from the "Teeing Ground". Generally 125 yards to 220 yards in length. Two successful putts would secure a par for that hole. A hole or green meant to be reached in two strokes from the "Teeing Ground". Generally 350 yards to 450 yards in length. Two successful putts would secure a par for that hole. A hole or green meant to be reached in three strokes from the "Teeing Ground". Generally 490 yards to 550 yards in length. Two successful putts would secure a par for that hole.

Hazard Heel Hole Hole High Hole-In-One Hole Out Honor Hook Hosel
Hybrid Club Heading In Heading Out High Side Hit (Placement) Hitting It Thin Hole (Par 3) Hole (Par 4) Hole (Par 5)

Halfway House Or A building, generally between the 9th and 10th holes, providing light snacks and refreshments for golfers during their round. Halfway Hut Hard, usually bare, ground conditions. Generally, hard-pan refers to hard, dry clay, with very little or no United grass. Hard-Pan 1. Emmons, . R (2000), Turf Grass Science and Management, Delmar, states

Iron Impact Improving The Lie Inward Nine Kick Knock-Down Shot

A golf club with a flat-faced, lofted, solid metal clubhead, generally numbered from one (1) to nine (9). The higher the number, the greater the loft. In Golf Glossary terms, the "Impact" is defined as the moment in the golf swing when the club strikes or comes in contact with the ball. The most basic of concepts in golf, is that it is a game of both skill and fortune. Outcomes determined not just by the talent of thegolfer, but also by the whims of nature and luck. The back nine holes of a golf course, so named because older links courses were designed to come back "in" toward the clubhouse after going "out" on the front nine. A golfers term for bounce. Within Golf Glossary terms, a "Knock-down Shot" is a type of shot designed to have a very low trajectory (hit with a low-lofted club), usually employed to combat strong winds, or to hit under low-hanging tree branches.

Match Play Medal Play

This is a form of competition by holes. Each hole is worth one point no matter how many strokes one player beats another by. This is a form of competition decided by the overall number of strokes. This may also be referred to as stroke play. In non-tournament play, the custom of hitting a second ballwithout a penalty stroke, usually taken on the first hit or drive off the tee. This practice is not Mulligan allowed according to the official Rules of Golf. A public course which is owned by a local government agency. Municipal Course Markers (Boundary) Markers designating those areas outside the golfcourse from which play is not allowed. To incorrectly discern the proper line of a putt or to "miss-read" the green. Miss-Read According to the Golf Glossary of golf terms, "Middle Irons" are those clubs with a medium loft. Normally the four (4), five (5), six (6), seven (7) and eight (8) Middle Irons irons. A golf ball that has soil or other debris stuck to it which can affect its flight. Under normal rules of golf one is only allowed to clean a ball in play when it is on Mud Ball the putting green. During exceptional conditions this rule may be waived by a local rule (see Preferred lies). Nine Iron Nassau Nineteenth Hole Offset A club of the highest loft, in the "iron" family. Used for short distance shots. A type of wager between golfers that is essentially three separate bets. Money is wagered on the best score in the front 9, back 9, and total 18 holes. Another term for the clubhouse or in particular the bar at the clubhouse. This is Waggles favorite hole!

A club with the head slightly behind (or offset) the shaft. The area outside of the golf course limits in which play is prohibited. If you hit the ball out of bounds you must hit again from the same spot and take a Out-Of-Bounds penalty stroke. Using a club that will hit the ball farther than necessary. Overclubbing Off-Green Putting When a player elects to putt from off the green rather than chip. To pick the wrong club, usually for an approach shot, causing the ball to go over the green. Overclub One-Piece Takeaway When the shoulders, arms, wrists and hands move as one unit during the beginning of the backswing. When the clubface is angled away from the player's body (relative to the target-line). Angled to the right for right-handed players. Open Clubface When the player's front foot is pulled back farther from thetarget-line than the back foot. Usually promotes a left-to-right ball flight(for a right-hander). Also Open Stance known as a designed "fade" shot. The single hole score of -5, or five under par. The only way this can occur is with a hole-in-one on a par 6, or two on a par 7. This score has never been Ostrich 1. Emmons, . R (2000), Turf Grass and Management, achieved and it is unlikely that Science it ever will considering the dramatic length and Delmar, rarity of holesUnited over par 5. states

Par Penalty Stroke Pin Pitch Pitch And Run Pivot Playing Through Preferred Lie Pro Shop Provisional Ball Pull Push Putt Putter Putting Green Pace Pinch Shot Plugged Lie Plumb-Bob Practice Green Pre-Shot Routine Punch Shot Par (Above) Par (Below)

Standard score for a hole (defined by its length) or a course (sum of all the holes' pars). An additional stroke which is added to a golfers score for a rules violation, going out of bounds, losing a ball, or various other situations. This is the flagstick or the pole that is in the cup. A short high arcing shot that lands on the green and usually stops quickly. Same as a pitch but hit with a lesser lofted club which causes it to roll farther. The rotation of the shoulders, waist, and pelvis during the golf swing. The process of slower players in front of faster players allowing the faster players to move ahead of the slower group. A lie that may be improved by a player. The golf course shop operated by the golf pro. An additional ball which is hit in case the first ball can not be found. If the first ball is found, it is played. If the first ball is not found, the provisional must be played and the player is assessed a penalty stroke. A ball that is pulled (or hit) to the left of the target (for right handers). A ball that is pushed (or hit) to the right of the target (for right handers). A shot that rolls on the green hit with the putter. The club with a flat face used to putt. Often called the flat stick The surface area around the hole that is specially prepared for putting. The speed of the golf swing or the speed of the greens A shot played around the green in which a player strikes the ball with a crisp, clean descending blow. The condition when the ball comes to rest in its own pitch mark, usually in a bunker or soft turf. A method many players use to help them determine the amount a putt will break. When you position yourself behind the ball and hold the putter vertically so it covers the ball, the shaft of the putter indicates how much the ball will break. Area maintained like an actual 'green', but is not part of the golf course. Golfers use the practice green to warm up before playing. Usually there are small or modified "flagsticks" inserted in the cups. The actions a player takes from the time he selects a club until he begins the swing. A low-flying shot played with an abbreviated backswing and finish. The key to the shot is having the hands slightly ahead of the clubhead at impact, which reduces the effective loft of the club. A level attained when having a score higher than the designated par for the particular hole being played. Anything one stroke or more over par is considered "Above Par". A level attained when having a score lower than the designated par for the particular hole being played. Anything one stroke or more under par is considered "Below Par". A par 3 hole is a hole that an advanced golfer is expected to require only three (3) strokes to finish or complete. The shortest holes on the golfcourse are Par-3 holes that usually a golfer can hit the Green with one tee shot. A hole's par designation includes two putts; therefore a Par 3 is a hole where the advanced golfer is expected to hit the Green in one stroke, subsequently take two putts to drop the ball into the "Cup". A par 4 hole is a hole that an advanced golfer is expected to require four (4) strokes to finish or complete. A par 4 hole is the most common par for holes on full-sized golf courses. You can consider par-4 holes the standard golf hole for the majority of golf courses. (Except Par 3 Courses) A hole's par designation includes two putts, therefore a par 4 is a hole where the advanced golfer is expected to hit the Fairway with his tee shot, then to proceed to hit the green with his second shot, and subsequently take twoputts to drop the ball into the "Cup".

Par 3

Par 4

Par 5

A par 5 hole is a hole that an advanced golfer is expected to require five (5) strokes to finish or complete. On most golf courses, a par 5 is the longest hole, discounting the rare Par 6 Hole. A hole's par designation includes two putts, so a par 5 is a hole where the advanced golfer is expected to hit the Fairway with his tee shot, then to advance the ball farther up the Fairway with the second stroke, hit the greenwith his third stroke, and subsequently utilize two putts to drop ball into the "Cup". Golfers who drive the ball long distances might be able to reach the green of a par-5 hole in two strokes, rather than three, therefore securing an opportunity for and "Eagle". The direction the club or ball travels during the swing or the putting stroke. Golf Terminology referring to a landed ball, adjacent to or on thegreen that is positioned along an imaginary horizontal line through and across the width of the green. A minor depression on the green caused by a ball "pitched" onto the green. Players are required to repair their pitch marks with a teeor divot tool. A poor tee shot where the top of the clubhead strikes under theball, causing it to go almost straight up in the air. Also, known as a "sky shot". During a putting stroke, if there is a slope or break in thegreen, the traverse of the ball will curve either from the high-side of the holetowards the hole, or fall to the low-side or away from the hole. A shot played with a very low trajectory, commonly to avoid low-hanging tree branches or played during high winds. A swing with the Putter on the "Putting Green" which is completed with the intent to strike the ball, "Putting" it into play. A type of golf hole design where the player has little choice in the shots required to make par at the hole. Failure to execute these shots successfully is punished by severe hazards. Compare with Strategic. A lie where the ball is on the lip of a lake or other water hazard. This is the area where you go to practice. It usually has many stations to hit practice shots. Determining which way the putt will curve based upon the slope of the green. Long grass area adjacent to the fairway, usually taller and coarser than the fairway. Complete 18 holes of golf The distance the ball will travel along the ground after it lands. The act of freely returning the clubhead squarely to the ball at impact, producing a powerful shot. The smooth coordination and timing of movement throughout the golf swing or putting stroke. Rhythm describes the relative duration of the parts of a complete swing. To successfully hit a shot from a poor location, usually with a bad "lie" involved. A measuring device used to determine one's relative distance to an object. In golf, they are most commonly used to find out how far a player is from the hole. A hole that has a green which slopes downward and away from the point of entrance, typically the front right portion of the green, inspired by the original Redan hole on the North Berwick West Links, Scotland. Occurs when the ball is deflected or stopped by a third party/object, e.g. if a ball is going out of bounds and is deflected in bounds by hitting a spectator or a tree.

Path Pin-High Pitch Mark Pop-Up Pro Side Punch Shot Putting Stroke Penal Plunk Range Reading The Green Rough Round Run Release Rhythm Recover Range Finder Redan Rub Of The Green

Thin Shot Topped Shot Trajectory (High) Trajectory (Low) Through Line Through The Green Tree Shot Tee Pad The Basket The Circle Tomahawk Tier Underclubbing Unplayable Lie Up And Down Waggle Wedge Whiff Winter Rules Wood Wormburner Water (Hazard) Water (Permanent)

A poorly executed shot where the clubhead strikes too high on the ball. Also known as "blading". A low, bouncing shot caused by the bottom of the club striking the top half of the ball. A high-trajectory flight path refers to a high-altitude three-dimensional path taken by the golf ball from the moment of impactand is propelled by the clubhead until its initial contact with the ground, on either the fairway or the putting green. A low-trajectory flight path refers to a low-altitude three-dimensional path taken by the golf ball from the moment of impactand is propelled by the clubhead until its initial contact with the ground, on either the fairway or the putting green. The trajectory is also referred to as the "Launch Angle", and can be accurately measured. When putting, the imaginary path that a ball would travel on if the putted ball goes past the hole. Usually observed by PGA players and knowledgeable golfers when retrieving or marking a ball around the hole. The entire area of the golf course, except for the teeing ground of the hole being played, the green of the hole being played and all hazards on the course. A bad shot that has hit the trees' leaves, branches, and/or trunk and has resulted in a negative situation, i.e., going out of bounds, into a hazard, or leaving the ball much shorter than anticipated. The location or designated area in which the first throw of the golf hole is suppose to take place from. Tee Pads are typically be made of concrete or rubber. A portion of a side walk or a utility marker flag or spray painted box may also be used as a tee pad. Born of the original pole hole, the game of disc golf advanced rapidly with the invention of Steady Eds Disc Pole Hole or Basket as it is commonly referred to by disc golfers. Once a disc comes to rest in the basket, the hole is considered complete. This is what helps defines a true disc golf putt. If a player is throwing his/her disc at the basket with in a 10 Meter or 30 Ft circle of the basket, they must follow an additional set of putting rules defined by the PDGA. Basically if youre in the circle, your disc has to come to re st in the basket before any part of your body touches past the mini marker towards the basket. Failure to do so can lead to a falling putt penalty stroke. An overhand throw at a vertical angle. A rise or level in a green or tee. Using a club that does not provide enough distance to hit the ball to the intended target. A lie from which the ball can not be hit. (i.e. it is up against a tree and the player can not hit it) The situation where a player holes the ball in two strokes starting from off the green. The first stroke, usually a "pitch", a "bunker shot" or a "chip", gets the ball 'up' onto the green, and the subsequent putt gets the ball 'down' into the hole. A variation is called "up and in". A back-and-forth sweeping motion initiated by wrist movement, behind the ball with the clubhead raised at address, designed to keep a player relaxed and help establish a smooth pace in the take-a-way andswing. An iron with a high loft used for short shots requiring a high trajectory. Swinging and missing the ball. Local golf rules that permit the player to improve the lie of the ball in the fairway. There may be additional winter rules allowed depending on the golf course condition. A club (either wood or metal) which is used for shots requiring a lot of distance. A shot which skims very low along the ground. Thus killing any worms that may be poking their heads up. Water hazards*** tend to consist of a pond or small lake within the golf course boundaries. Water hazards can also be any body of water into which your ball can land whether or not it contains water at the time, such as a dry stream or ditch. Permanent Water is considered those "Water Hazards" located within the parameters of the golf course that are of a permanent nature which virtually "never" dry up. Typical are lakes and ponds, rather than streams or ditches. A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of50 degrees.

Wedge (Gap)

Wedge (Lob) Wedge (Pitching) Wedge (Sand)

A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of60 degrees. A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of45 degrees. A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of55 degrees. The Sand Wedge is considered a "Specialty Club" among theWedges. A possible occurrence in match play when a player converts a lead into a victory without passing through dormie, a guaranteed minimum of a tie at the end of regulation play. For example, converting an 8-hole lead with nine to play into a 9-hole lead with eight to play, or converting a 1-hole lead with two to play into a 2-hole lead with one to play. A mental image of a swing or shot or even an entire round. A tendency to twitch during the putting stroke. Some top golfers have had their careers greatly affected or even destroyed by the yips; prominent golfers who battled with the yips for much of their careers include Sam Snead, Ben Hogan, and, more recently, Bernhard Langer. A ball hit high and hard.

Vaulting Dormie Visualization Yips Zinger