SECONDARY DATA

Presenters: S. M. HUSSAM HAIDER TIRMIZI GUL UHAMMAD KHATRI AJAY KUMAR ABDUL WAHID

SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data is the data that have been already collected by and readily available from other sources. Such data are cheaper and more quickly obtainable than the primary data and also may be available when primary data can not be obtained at all.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA

Primary data
Primary data are always original as it is collected by the investigator.
Suitability of the primary data will be positive because it has been systematically collected. Primary data are expensive and time consuming. Extra precautions required. are not

Secondary data
Secondary data lacks originality. The investigator makes use of the data collected by other agencies.
Secondary data may or may not suit the objects of enquiry.

Secondary data are relatively cheaper.

It is used with great care and caution. Secondary data are usually in the shape of readymade products. Possibility of lesser degree of personal prejudice.

Primary data are in the shape of raw material. Possibility of personal prejudice.

USES OF SECONDARY DATA

Identify the problem Better define the problem Develop an approach to the problem Formulate an appropriate research design Answer certain research questions & test some hypothesis Interpret primary data more insightfully

ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

It is economical. It saves efforts & expenses. it helps to make primary data collection more specific since with the help of secondary data we are able to make out what are the gaps and deficiencies and what additional information needs to be collected. It helps to improve the understanding of the problem. It provides a basis for comparison for the data that is collected by the researcher.

DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

Accuracy of secondary data is not known. Data may be out dated. Its answer may not exactly fit your research questions. Data quality.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data are market research data collected for a purpose other than the one on hand. The data have the advantage of being much less expensive and more quickly available than primary data. However, because secondary data are collected for a different purpose, one must carefully evaluate their appropriateness for a given market research situation.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data should be evaluated with respect to several important criteria.
The data should be accurate, that is, without errors. The data should be relevant to the particular research need on hand. Relevance is a function of the level of aggregation of the data, as well as the unit and time increments in which the data are reported. The data should also come in a format that can be utilized easily. In addition, secondary data should not be out of date. Consideration should also be given to the format of the data and any restrictions on their use When secondary data are evaluated carefully with these criteria, they can be an excellent source of inexpensive yet valuable information.

EVALUATING SECONDARY DATA PERTINENCE

1
2 3 4

Who collected & Published the Data & Why? Data Collection Methods General Evidences of Careful Work Conflicting Data

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY DATA

SECONDARY DATA

I NTERNAL

EXTRNAL

READY TO USE

REQUIRES FURTHER PROCESSING

PUBLISHED MATERIAL

COMPUTERIZED DATABASE

SYNDICATED SERVICES

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data

Internal & Proprietary data

Organizational routinely gather, record & store internal data to help managers solve future problems. Sales volume by product & region Files of salespersons call report Employee complaints Personnel records Back orders, unfulfilled orders Information related to orders received

External source
External data are generated or recorded by an entity other than the researchers organization Books & periodicals Government sources Regional publication Media sources Commercial sources Market share data Demographic & census updates Consumer attitude & public opinion research Stock market sources

METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA

1. Published sources
International publication
UNO publishes number of journal and periodicals whish are the best sources of secondary data for national as well as international fact. Government publication The government of Pakistan as well as other state government publish data for their use as well as for the use of research and others. These data are very much accurate and reliable for various types of investigations.

METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA

Publication

Municipal corporations, board etc publish data pertaining to birth rate, death rate, literacy etc. these can be effectively put to use by investigators. Commercials research, educational institute, union, organization etc These institutions also conduct enquiry and publish their report through which data can be had for use of investigators enquiring on the related subjects.

METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA

2. Experience survey
o Ask knowledgeable individuals about a particular research problem o Most are quite willing

If you wish to know the road up the mountain, you must ask the man who goes back and fourth on it Zenrinkusi

METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA 3. Case study

o Intensely investigates one or a few situations similar to the problem o Investigate in depth o Careful study o May require cooperation

4. Focus group

Focuses on group interaction on atopic selected by the researcher Ideally 4-12 participants

The interaction is directed by a moderator who asks questions an keeps the discussion on the topic.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGHT Save time and money, secondary data carried out quickly.

WEAKNESS Difficult to determine the quality, imperfect reflection of reality.

OPPORTUNITES Take feedback from the passengers, modify the secondary data.

Threats Very difficult for them to achieve their target goals.

CONCLUSION
Secondary data can be a valuable source of information for gaining knowledge and insight into a broad range of issues but does not replace, primary data collection because it is the starting place for any research.