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Well come to Session On Generator and Transformer

DYNAMO
Have you tried a bycycle in the night with head light ON? How does a tiny bulb lights? There is a small device fitted on the rear wheel. As you peddle faster, the light becomes brighter. This is a dynamo which is very simple. At the bottom there is a coil, which is a long copper wire on a bobbin. Above the coil there is a magnet.There is air gap between magnet and the coil.A shaft connects the magnet to the driving wheel of the dynamo.So when the wheel is turning, so is the magnet. When the magnet is turning over the coil electricity is generated in the coil. It is called electrical induction. A dynamo and a generator are actually the same! A generator contains magnets moving over coils. also

HOW DOES A GENERATOR WORK ?


You have seen small electrical motor. When you switch the motor ON it starts running. e.g. electric fan, food processor, washing machine.However, a motor can also be used as a generator. Now fasten the motor and put the pulley on the shaft. Connect the two poles to a light bulb and see what happens when you turn the shaft. Use a piece of string to make it easier to turn the wheel. If the magnetic flux in a circuit changes for any reason, then an Electric Field will be generated in the circuit - it is called an induced emf.

COUPLED INDUCTOR

When a steady current flows in one coil, a magnetic field is produced in the other coil. But since that magnetic field is not changing, Faraday`s law tells us that there will be no induced voltage in the secondary coil. But if the switch is opened to stop the current as in the middle illustration, there will be a change in magnetic field in the right hand coil and a voltage will be induced. A coil is a reactionary device, not liking any change! The induced voltage will cause a current to flow in the secondary coil which tries to maintain the magnetic field which was there.

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE.

The fact that the induced field always opposes the change. Once the current is interrupted and the switch is closed to cause the current to flow again, an induced current in the opposite direction will oppose that buildup of magnetic field. This persistent generation of voltages which oppose the change in magnetic field is the operating principle of a transformer. The fact that a change in the current of one coil affects the current and voltage in the second coil is quantified in the property called mutual inductance.

COUPLED INDUCTOR

When an emf is produced in a coil because of the change in current in a coupled coil , the effect is called mutual inductance. The emf is described by Faraday`s law and it's direction is always opposed the change in the magnetic field produced in it by the coupled coil (Lenz's law ). The induced emf in coil 1 is due to self inductance L. The induced emf in coil #2 caused by the change in current I1 can be expressed as

COUPLED INDUCTOR

The mutual inductance M can be defined as the proportionalitiy between the emf generated in coil 2 to the change in current in coil 1 which produced it. The most common application of mutual inductance is the transformer.

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE:TRANSFORMER

When more current flows in the secondary of a transformer as it supplies more power, then more current must flow in the primary as well since it is supplying the energy. This coupling between the primary and secondary is most conveniently described in terms of mutual inductance. The mutual inductance appears in the circuit equations for both the primary and secondary circuits of the transformer.

TRANSFORMERS AND AC CIRCUIT

An inductor operates by building a magnetic field around itself, if we place a second inductor inside the same magnetic field will gives us a transformer. In any circuit the two solid lines between the symbols of the two coils indicate that the coils are wrapped around an iron core. The iron serves to concentrate the magnetic field and to help make sure that the field fully envelopes both coils. This greatly increases the inductance of each coil as well as the magnetic coupling between them. transformer is built with the two coils of wire wound around the commmon core, each coil is sometimes also called a "winding."

TRANSFORMERS

The winding to which the original voltage is applied is designated the primary winding, while the other winding is designated the secondary winding. A transformer can have multiple secondary windings, but except for a very special circumstance, it only has one primary winding. A transformer with more turns in its primary than its secondary coil will reduce voltage and is called a step-down transformer. One with more turns in the secondary than the primary is called a step-up transformer. Transformers are one of the main reasons we use AC electricity in our homes and not DC: DC voltages cannot be changed using transformers.

TRANSFORMERS
Accessories fitted on the transformer are:

Buckholz relay to sense and trip/ alarm for over temperatures of oil/windings, gas formation. Conservator tank with oil level guage Vent pipe Breather Oil & winding temperature guages Radiator fins to cool it. Tap changing gears to adjust the voltage.

MAINTENANCE

Filtration of oil Reactivation of silica gel in breather Chemical analysis of the oil: pH, acidity Maintaining oil level in conservator tank Maintaining oil and winding temperatures within the safe range. Provide proper ventilation to cool it.

Thanks you .

Questions & Answer Session

Thanks you .

Questions & Answer Session

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