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Commensals Those that live in harmony with the host without causing any damage to it
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INFECTION
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Primary infection
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Re - infection
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Secondary infection
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Disease-causing organisms
Organisms that cause disease are called pathogens. What are the four major types of pathogen?
bacteria
fungi
protozoa
virus
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Toxins Toxins are harmful substances produced by the pathogen that poison the bodys tissue and enzymes.
Reproduction A rise in the number of pathogens can damage a cell, even causing it to burst. Some pathogens hijack resources that the cell needs to survive.
Immune response Sites of infection often become swollen, sore and hot as a result of increased blood flow.
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insect bites
airborne droplets
direct contact
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indirect contact
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Immunity to Infection
Fighting infection
How does the body fight infection?
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Immunity to Infection
Immunity is the acquired ability to defend against infection by disease-causing organisms.
Second line of defense: Innate immune system (germline-encoded receptors -- no adaptation to specific pathogens)
Macrophages (Greek for big eater), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells
Third line of defense (vertebrates only): Adaptive immune system (adapts to defend against specific pathogens using variable receptors)
B cells make antibodies that vary -- can make an antibody specific for any new antigen T cells mediate cellular responses using variable receptors (T cell receptors; TCRs)
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Invasion!
A pathogen enters your body through direct or indirect contact. What happens next?
The pathogen begins to reproduce and make toxins that destroy the bodys cells and make you feel unwell. Painkillers can relieve the symptoms of an infection but do not kill the pathogen. Your immune system begins to mount an attack.
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Can kill tumor cells, virus-infected cells, bacteria, parasites, fungi in tissues
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Resisting attack
TB bacteria have a number of adaptations that enable them to resist phagocytosis: They produce chemicals that prevent macrophages from being attracted to sites of infection. They have a waxy cell wall that resists enzyme attack and secretes chemicals that block lysosomes from fusing with phagosomes.
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B lymphocytes
Antibodies are special Y-shaped proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens.
Antibodies work by binding to antigens on pathogens, labelling them and causing them to clump together. The pathogen can then be destroyed by: phagocytosis by macrophages T-lymphocytes the antibodies themselves.
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Antibodies
Each different type of antigen causes a different type of antibody to be produced. An antibody can only bind to the antigen that caused it to be produced.
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Delayed response
The B-lymphocyte that produces the correct antibody for the antigen begins dividing to produce many more antibodyproducing cells. It takes a few days to produce enough antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This means there is delay between infection and the person beginning to feel better.
Once a pathogen has been destroyed, a few memory cells remain. These recognize the pathogen if it re-infects, and make the immune response much quicker and more effective. This is called active immunity.
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T cells
How does the body deal with pathogens that are inside cells?
Viruses and bacteria that infect cells leave antigens on the surface of the cell they infect. T-cell infected cell
antigen
receptor
T-lymphocytes recognize these antigens by receptors on their surface and destroy the whole infected cell.
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Types of Immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Naturally acquired
Naturally acquired
Types of Immunity
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Types of Immunity
Active immunity is when the immune system encounters and antigen and is primed to recognise it and destroy it quickly the next time it is encountered. This is active immunity because the bodys immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
Passive immunity is short-term and involves the transfer of immunity from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum. This may be artificial as is the case with anti-venom or natural, as in antibodies crossing the placenta to protect the developing foetus.
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Immunity
Active immunity Production of a persons own antibodies. Long lasting Natural Active Artificial Active When pathogen Vaccination usually enters body in the contains a safe antigen normal way, we from the pathogen. make antibodies Person makes antibodies without becoming ill Passive immunity An individual is given antibodies by another Short-term resistance (weeks- 6months)
Artificial Passive Gamma globulin injection Extremely fast, but short lived (e.g. snake venom)
Edward Jenner
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Passive immunity
Many snakes produce a powerful nerve toxin that can be lethal to humans. People bitten by poisonous snakes can be treated with antivenin. Antivenin contains antibodies to give instant immunity. It is produced by injecting horses with small, non-lethal doses of venom. Over time, the horses produce antibodies, which are extracted and processed. Because the person didnt make the antibodies themselves, this is called passive immunity.
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The media reported on controversial research speculating that MMR could cause autism, a behavioural disorder causing learning and communication difficulties.
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Glossary (1/2) antibiotic A drug that can destroy or prevent the growth
of bacteria.
Glossary (2/2)
Multiple-choice quiz
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Please read after going back Things here are highly volatile
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