Presented by

CHANDRA PRAKASH MAURYA

Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to
move heat from one location to another.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration aims at providing
cooling effect by using thermoelectric effects rather
than the more prevalent conventional methods like
those using the vapour compression cycle or the gas
compression cycle.


THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS

SEEBECK EFFECT:-

The Seebeck effect is the
conversion of temperature
differences directly into
electricity
Seebeck discovered that a
compass needle would be
deflected when a closed loop
was formed of two metals
joined in two places with a
temperature difference
between the junctions

THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS

THOMSON EFFECT:-

It describes the heating or
cooling of a current-
carrying conductor with a
temperature gradient.


THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS
PELTIER EFFECT
The Peltier effect bears the name of
Jean-Charles Peltier, a French physicist
who in 1834 discovered the calorific
effect of an electric current at the
junction of two different metals.
When a current is made to flow
through the circuit, heat is evolved at
the upper junction (at T2), and
absorbed at the lower junction (at T1).
The Peltier heat absorbed by the lower
junction per unit time, is equal to


THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS
JOULEAN EFFECT
Joule made a careful study
of the heat produced by an
electric current. From this
study, he developed Joule's
laws of heating, the first
of which is commonly
referred to as the Joule
effect. Joule's first law
expresses the relationship
between heat generated in
a conductor and current
flow, resistance, and time
HOW DOES TER WORKS?
The most efficient
configuration is where a p
and n TE component is put
electrically in series but
thermally in parallel . The
device to the right is called a
couple.
One side is attached to a
heat source and the other a
heat sink that convects the
heat away.
The side facing the heat
source is considered the
cold side and the side facing
the heat sink the hot side.

THERMOELECTRIC MODULE
In practical use, couples are combined in a module
where they are connected electrically in series, and
thermally in parallel.
a module is the smallest component commercially
available. Modules are available in a great variety of
sizes, shapes, operating currents, perating voltages and
ranges of heat pumping capacity.
The present trend, however, is toward a larger number
of couples operating at lower currents. The user can
select the quantity, size or capacity of the module to fit
the exact requirement without paying for excess power.
Thermoelectric Module
Construction
1. Regular matrix of
TE elements
2. Ceramic plates
3. Electric
conductors
4. Solders
ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC
REFRIGERATION.
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
The Coefficient of Performance of the system as a
refrigerating device is defined as-
C.O.P. = Q
O
/ W




( )

R I ) T - )(T - (
R I 2 1 - ) T - U(T - I )T - (
C.O.P.
2
0 1 n p
2
0 1 O n p
+
=
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE




where,




From above equation we see that the performance of a thermoelectric
cooling system is a function of the parameter ZT
m
, where Z is called the
figure of merit. Z has units of reciprocal of temperature.

ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION
( )
1 ZT 1
T
T
ZT 1
T - T
T
C.O.P.
m
0
1
m
0 1
0
max
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
UR
) - (
Z
2
n p
=
( )
2
T T
T
0 1
m
+
=
Typical Temperature Profile Across
a TE system
ADVANTAGES:-

There is ease of interchanging the cooling and heating functions by
reversing the direction of current in the thermocouple
Thermoelectric systems are vibration less and have no moving parts.
Hence there is no problem of wear and noise.
There is no problem of containment and pollution because no
refrigerant or chemical is used.
Since there is no bulky equipment it provides ease of miniaturization
for small capacity systems.
The capacity can be controlled easily by varying the current and hence
the amount of heat absorbed or evolved at the junctions.
The system is highly reliable ( with a life of > 250,000 hours)
This system also has the capacity to operate under various values of
gravity (including zero gravity) and in any position.


unavaibility of suitable material
total cost of refrigeration is higher as
compare to other refrigeration system
efficiency of ter is less
its overall cop is in order to 0.1 to 0.2
power consumption is also high

DISADVANTAGES :-
thermoelectrics and thermoelectric
cooling are being studied
exhaustively for the past several years
and various conclusions have been
conceived regarding the efficient
functioning of thermoelectric
refrigerators
CONCLUSIONS
Military/Aerospace
Consumer Products
Laboratory and Scientific Equipment
Laboratory and Scientific Equipment
Industrial Equipments
Miscellaneous

APPLICATION OF TER IN THE REAL WORLD