Niharika Khurana 12130117 Mtech CSE

CONTENTS

Introduction Why QR Codes? Example of QR Codes Structure of QR Codes The Specification Of The QR Code Characteristics How the Code is generated & decoded Applications Conclusion References

What does this Jigsaw-like image stand for ? It is know as QR code. A QR Code is a matrix code (or two-dimensional barcode) created by Japanese corporation Denson-Wave in 1994. The "QR" is derived from "Quick Response", as the creator intended the code to allow its contents to be decoded at high speed.

Several characteristics superior to linear bar codes: much higher data density, support character, etc.

It can be used by anybody free of charge as Denso has released the patent into the public domain.

QR Code with a face design

Colorized QR-code

QR Code BusinessCards

UPC

12 numerical digits

CODE 39

43 characters

CODE 49

128 characters

QR CODE

1852 characters

UPC (Universal Product Code) : It is used for tracking trade items in stores. It consists of 12 numerical digits, which are uniquely assigned to each trade item. No letters & special characters or any other content can be used. Code 39 : It contains 43 characters & consists of upper letters, numeric digits & few special characters. Each character is composed of 9 elements: 5 bars & 4 spaces. Main disadvantage of this is it has low data density. Code 49: It is a 2D stacked linear barcode that can encode 128 characters. Input can consist of any ASCII data.

QR Code: It have become common in consumer advertising. Amount of data that can be stored depends upon version. Version 40 consist of 1852 characters. It can handle hundred times more information than various other codes.

As compare to conventional bar codes, QR Code is capable of handling hundred times more information. QR Code is capable of handling all types of data, such as numeric alphabetic characters, symbols, binary, and control codes.

 Small

Printout Size

Stores data both horizontally and vertically Thus are capable of encoding the same amount of data in approximately one-tenth the space of a traditional bar code.

Dirt

and Damage Resistant

QR Code has error correction capability. Up to 30% Data can be restored even if the symbol is partially dirty or damaged.
Readable

from any direction in 360

QR Code is capable of 360 degree (Omni-directional), high speed reading.

Structured Append Feature

QR Code can be divided into multiple data areas as shown in the figure. One data symbol can be divided into up to 16 symbols.

The same data can be read either from the upper symbol or the lower four symbols

QR Code has four different error correction levels. By this error correction functionality, the codes can be read correctly even if their data area is damaged as shown in the figure.

QR Code is a matrix type symbol with a cell structure arranged in a square. QR Code has: Finder Patterns Alignment Patterns Timing Patterns Quiet Zone Data Area

Finder Pattern: Arranged at three corners of the symbol Used for detecting the position, size & angle of QR Codes Alignment Pattern: Arranged with at regular interval within the code. And is used for correcting the distortion of the QR Code. Timing Pattern: Is used for identifying the central coordinate of each cell in the QR Code Quiet Zone: A margin space necessary for reading the QR Code. Data Area: The data will be stored into the data area. The data is encoded into the binary numbers of 0 and 1 based on the encoding rule . The encoded data is converted into black and white cells.

This diagram illustrates the placement of the message characters within a QR code. Starting from the lower-right corner, the first four bits define the encoding used (in this case, 8 bits per character). Next is the length of the message (17; dark stands for 1). Following that is the message itself, then the end-of-message marker, and finally the error-correcting codes.

Anyone with access to a computer can generate QR codes with the help of Softwares such as Bay Brain's Snappr.net . Users with a camera phone equipped with the correct reader software can scan and read QR codes with the click of a camera

Mobile tagging is the process of providing data on mobile devices, commonly through the use of data (such as a URL) encoded in a two-dimensional barcode, meant to be read and inputted using a camera phone.

QR Code Used For Bus Commuters Pass Issuing System

With the increase in data, density of QR image also increases and thus to decode such images, high resolution scanners are required which is unavailable to many QR Code readers. QR codes may be used to exploit flaws in other applications on the host system, such as the reader, the browser or the image viewer, since a reader will typically send the data to the application associated with the data type used by the QR code.

http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=2105 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_Code http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#CommMsgs.aspx?cmm=5429 4502&tid=5238663364353703636&start=1 http://www.warbassedesign.com/press_full_qrusa.html IT Today, December,2008