Power System Protection Fundamentals

What should we teach students about power system protection?

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Agenda

Why protection is needed Principles and elements of the protection system Basic protection schemes Digital relay advantages and enhancements

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Distur ances! Light or Se"ere

The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hours a day

Voltage and fre uency must stay within certain limits

!mall disturbances

The control system can handle these "#ample$ variation in transformer or generator load

!evere disturbances re uire a protection system

They can %eopardi&e the entire power system They cannot be overcome by a control system
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Power System Protection

'peration during severe disturbances$

!ystem element protection !ystem protection (utomatic reclosing (utomatic transfer to alternate power supplies (utomatic synchroni&ation

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Electric Power System E#posure to E#ternal Agents

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Damage to $ain E%uipment

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Protection System

( series of devices whose main purpose is to protect persons and primary electric power e uipment from the effects of faults

&he 'Sentinels(

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)lac*outs
Characteristics

$ain Causes

)oss of service in a large area or population region *a&ard to human life +ay result in enormous economic losses

'verreaction of the protection system Bad design of the protection system

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Short Circuits Produce +igh Currents

Three-Phase )ine a b c I !ubstation Thousands of (mps I ,ault

Wire
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Electrical E%uipment &hermal Damage

t

Damage Time

Damage .urve

/ated Value

In

Imd

I !hort-.ircuit .urrent
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$echanical Damage During Short Circuits

Very destructive in busbars0 isolators0 supports0 transformers0 and machines Damage is instantaneous

+echanical ,orces

f1 i1 i2
/igid .onductors

f2

f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

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&he Fuse

,use

Transformer

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Protection System Elements

Protective relays .ircuit brea1ers .urrent and voltage transducers .ommunications channels D. supply system .ontrol cables
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&hree,Phase Diagram o- the Protection &eam

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DC &ripping Circuit

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Circuit )rea*ers

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Current &rans-ormers

Very *igh Voltage .T

+edium-Voltage .T

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.oltage &rans-ormers

+edium Voltage

*igh Voltage

2ote$ Voltage transformers are also 1nown as potential transformers

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Protecti"e /elays

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E#amples o- /elay Panels

+icroprocessorBased /elay 'ld "lectromechanical

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+ow Do /elays Detect Faults0

When a fault ta1es place0 the current0 voltage0 fre uency0 and other electrical variables behave in a peculiar way3 ,or e#ample$

.urrent suddenly increases Voltage suddenly decreases

/elays can measure the currents and the voltages and detect that there is an overcurrent0 or an undervoltage0 or a combination of both +any other detection principles determine the design of protective relays
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$ain Protection /e%uirements

/eliability

Dependability !ecurity

!electivity !peed

!ystem stability " uipment damage Power uality

!ensitivity

*igh-impedance faults Dispersed generation

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Primary Protection

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Primary Protection 1one 2"erlapping

Protection 4one ( 52 To 4one ( /elays Protection 4one B To 4one B /elays

Protection 4one ( 52 To 4one ( /elays Protection 4one B To 4one B /elays

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)ac*up Protection
Brea1er 5 ,ails . ( D "

2 T

66

62

6<

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&ypical Short,Circuit &ype Distri ution

!ingle-Phase-=round$ Phase-Phase-=round$ Phase-Phase$ Three-Phase$ 9<>:<? 69>6<? 6<>:? 8>2?

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)alanced "s3 4n alanced Conditions

Ic
Ic

Ia

Ia

Ib
Ib

Balanced !ystem

@nbalanced !ystem
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Decomposition o- an 4n alanced System

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Power Line Protection Principles

'vercurrent A5<0 560 5<20 562B Directional 'vercurrent A790 792B Distance A260 262B Differential A:9B

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Application o- 5n"erse,&ype /elays

/elay 'peration Time t

I /adial )ine
,ault )oad
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5n"erse,&ime /elay Coordination

Distance

} T

} T
Distance
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Addition o- 5nstantaneous 2C Element

/elay 'peration Time I /adial )ine
,ault )oad
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60768 /elay Coordination

Distance

} T

} T

} T
Distance
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Directional 2"ercurrent Protection

)asic Applications

)
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Directional 2"ercurrent Protection

)asic Principle
V I

,2 /elay /everse ,ault A,2B

,6

,orward ,ault A,6B

I
V I

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2"ercurrent /elay Pro lem

I SETTING
/elay

E Z S1 + (0.8) Z L1

operates when the following condition I FAULT = I a > I SETTING

holds$
(s Z s1

changes0 the relayDs EreachF will change0 since setting is fi#ed

I FAULT ( LIMIT ) E = 1 + (0.8) Z L1 ZS
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Distance /elay Principle

L d I a , Ib , Ic
Three-Phase !olid ,ault /adial )ine

Va ,Vb ,Vc

26

!uppose /elay Gs Designed to 'perate When$

| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |

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&he 5mpedance /elay Characteristic

R 2 + X 2 Z r21
X 'peration 4one Plain Gmpedance /elay

Z Z r1

Zr1

/adius Zr1
R

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9eed -or Directionality

,2 6 2 8 X ,6 ,2 2onselective /elay 'peration
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,6 4 5 7

/")(H 8 'peration 4one

Directionality 5mpro"ement
,2 6 2 8 ,6 4 5 7

/")(H 8 'peration 4one

X ,6 ,2 Directional Gmpedance /elay .haracteristic R

The /elay Will 2ot 'perate for This ,ault

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$ho Element Characteristic :Directional 5mpedance /elay;

'perates when$ V I Z M cos( MT )

Z Z M cos( MT )

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&hree,1one Distance Protection

Time
4one 8 4one 2 4one 6 6 2 8 4 5 7

Time
4one 6 Gs Gnstantaneous
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Line Protection <ith $ho Elements

I . B

( D "

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Circular Distance /elay Characteristics

X

PLA59 5$PEDA9CE
R

2FFSE& $+2 :2;

R X X

$+2

LE9S :/ES&/5C&ED $+2 8;

R X X

2FFSE& $+2 :8;

&2$A&2 :/ES&/5C&ED $+2 2;

R
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Semi,Plane &ype Characteristics

X

D5/EC&529AL

/ES&/5C&ED D5/EC&529AL

R R X X

/EAC&A9CE

/ES&/5C&ED /EAC&A9CE

R X X

2+$ =4AD/5LA&E/AL
R R
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Distance Protection
Summary

.urrent and voltage information Phase elements$ more sensitive than 79 elements =round elements$ less sensitive than 792 elements (pplication$ looped and parallel lines
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Directional Comparison Pilot Protection Systems

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Permissi"e 2"erreaching &rans-er &rip

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)asic P2&& Logic

Cey I+T/

4one 2 "lements (2D /.V/ Trip

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Directional Comparison )loc*ing Scheme

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)asic DC) Logic

4one 8
.arrier .oordination Time Delay

Cey I+T/

4one 2 /.V/

.. <

Trip

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Di--erential Protection Principle

Balanced .T /atio .T Protected " uipment .T "#ternal ,ault

5<

IDIF = 0

2o /elay 'peration if .Ts (re .onsidered Gdeal

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Di--erential Protection Principle

.T/ Protected " uipment Gnternal ,ault 5< .T/

IDIF

ISETTING

/elay 'perates
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Pro lem o- 4ne%ual C& Per-ormance

.T Protected " uipment .T "#ternal ,ault

5<

IDIF 0

,alse differential current can occur if a .T saturates during a through-fault @se some measure of through-current to desensiti&e the relay when high currents are present

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Possi le Scheme > Percentage Di--erential Protection Principle

"TR !S$ Protected " uipment !R$ "TR

!S /elay A:9B .ompares$

!R

I #$ = I S + I R

k I RT

| IS | + | IR | =k 2

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Di--erential Protection Applications

Bus protection Transformer protection =enerator protection )ine protection )arge motor protection /eactor protection .apacitor ban1 protection .ompound e uipment protection
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Di--erential Protection
Summary

The overcurrent differential scheme is simple and economical0 but it does not respond well to une ual current transformer performance The percentage differential scheme responds better to .T saturation Percentage differential protection can be analy&ed in the relay and the alpha plane Differential protection is the best alternative selectivityJspeed with present technology
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$ultiple 5nput Di--erential Schemes

E#amples
Differential Protection 4one
!S$ !R$

!T I1 I2 I3 I4 'P

Bus Differential$ !everal Gnputs Three-Winding Transformer Differential$ Three Gnputs

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Ad"antages o- Digital /elays

+ultifunctional .ompatibility with digital integrated systems )ow maintenance Aself-supervisionB

*ighly sensitive0 secure0 and selective

(daptive

*ighly reliable Aself-supervisionB

/educed burden on .Ts and VTs

Programmable Versatile

)ow .ost

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Synchrophasors Pro"ide a 'Snapshot( o- the Power System

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&he Future

Gmprovements in computer-based protection *ighly reliable and viable communication systems Asatellite0 optical fiber0 etc3B Gntegration of control0 command0 protection0 and communication Gmprovements to human-machine interface +uch more
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