Chapter 2

Training Manual
CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN
The Example Problem
Chapter 2
An Example Problem !!
Flow of Air in a 2D duct.
Training Manual
Objective: Peform laminar analysis of a relatively slow moving flow and then increase the flow rate dramatically.
Streamlines
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The Geometry
Training Manual
This is Duct which has a smooth transition to a larger area. Units of Length - Inches
Inlet length
Inlet height Transition length Outlet height Outlet length
3.0
0.5 1.0 1.0 4.0
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Properties - Conditions
Use PSI system of units
Property type is AIR-IN
Training Manual
Density will be 1.1214E-7 (lbf-s2/in4)

Viscosity will be 2.6240E-9 (lbf-s/in2)
Conditions
Reference Pressure 14.7 psi Outlet Pressure 0 psi (relative pressure) Default Temperature used : 293K
Flow
Velocity of 10 inch/sec -> RE ~ 424 (laminar) Note in 2D the hydraulic diameter (used in the Reynolds Number) is twice the inlet height
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Set Preferences
Training Manual
Preferences provides a filter to prevent irrelevant information from being presented.
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Establish Element Type
Training Manual
Main Menu: Preprocessor-> Element Type->Add/Edit/Delete
2 - Choose
1- Add 4 - Close
3 - OK
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Geometry - Create Inlet/Outlet Regions

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Areas> Rectangle (By Dimensions) First
X1=0,X2=3 Y1=0,Y2=0.5 Click Apply
Training Manual
Second
X1=4,X2=8 Y1=0,Y2=1 Click OK
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The Two Rectangles
Training Manual
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Transition Region Between Them

Create a smooth transition line between the two
Training Manual
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Lines (Tangent to 2 Lines)
Follow the Instructions carefully in the resulting PICKERS

There will be four successive choices
Check your result with the following page.
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The Smooth Transition Line

Tangency to two lines requires choosing the proper endpoints..
Training Manual
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The Transition Area

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create> Area >Arbitrary
Training Manual
Choose 4 keypoints in response to the PICKER, then OK
2
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Geometry is Finished!!
Area Plot
Training Manual
Line Plot
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Boundary Conditions
Use Solid Model Boundary Conditions
Do not require require re-application upon re-meshing
Training Manual
Preprocessor>Loads>Apply>Velocity> Lines
We will apply Velocities and Pressures

Inlets are Velocity or Pressure Outlets are Pressure Walls: Velocities are zero
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The Boundary Conditions

These boundary conditions are typical
Training Manual
Proper condition at boundary intersections is determined by FLOTRAN
Walls
Walls Inlet: VX=10,VY=0
Outlet PRES = 0
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Solid Model Boundary Conditions

Example for Walls
Training Manual
4 - Input Values, Do Endpoints of linesOK
1-Lines
3-OK
2-Pick These 6 Lines
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Remaining Boundaries.
Training Manual
Note that leaving a blank DOES NOT result in a zero condition being applied..
Inlet
Outlet
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Control of the Display

This is a line plot after application of the Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
To prevent display of these symbols: Utility Menu: PlotCtrls>Symbols Choose NONE and OK
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Preparation for Meshing

Use the Mesh Tool
Size Controls, Lines, Set
Training Manual
PICKER shows up and you choose the lines,OK

Set the number of divisions and the ratio, OK
Use these settings for line divisions Line Divisions

Lines NDIV Ratio
Transverse direction
Inlet Region - flow direction Transition - flow direction Outlet - flow direction
12
16 10 18
-3
-2 1 2
See next page for Mesh tool!

SAVE Database Before Meshing.
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Mesh Tool
2 - Choose Lines
1
Training Manual
Use FLIP if Line Bias is reversed
3 - OK
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Element Size Box
Training Manual
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Proper Line Divisions

Four Different Groups of Lines must be done for this problem Remember to flip one of the outlet lines Generally, Avoid large adjacent element size changes The Four lines in the Y direction are the transverse lines Inlet Lines Transition Outlet Lines
Training Manual
(Flipped!)
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Meshing Step
Use the Mesh Tool
1: Choose Areas
Training Manual
2: Mapped
3: Quad 4: Mesh
PICKER comes up
Pick All
1 3
(Meshing Occurs) 5: Close Meshtool
2
4
5
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Now You Have a Mesh!
Training Manual
Picture Made with Reverse Video (PlotCtrls>Style>Color>ReverseVideo
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Now for the FLOTRAN Input

Enter FLOTRAN Setup through PREP7 or Solution (Depending on Program Setup, you may need to access Unabridged Menu)
Training Manual
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FLOTRAN Setup
Training Manual
We will be making changes to these portions of the Menu.
NOW - Our Initial Analysis
LATER - Follow On Work
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Execution Control
Choose 50 Global Iterations to Start with
We are not relying on the automatic termination criterion based on problem convergence
Training Manual
OK!
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Fluid Properties
Choose AIR-IN for the property type for Density and Viscosity using scroll down menu.
Training Manual
OK
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Resulting Screen (click OK)
Training Manual
(Thermal conductivity and Specific Heat not needed)

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Flow Environment
Reference Conditions are found as a subset:
Training Manual
Pressure: 14.7Psi Nominal Temperature: 70F Offset Temperature: 460R OK!
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FLOTRAN Execution
Done in SOLUTION: Run FLOTRAN
Training Manual
Execute 50 iterations, look at the results and then run 50 more
Convergence monitors indicate the normalized rate of change of the solution
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Convergence Monitors
Training Manual
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More Convergence Monitors

Training Manual
001312 30 Nov 1999 2-32
Post-Processing
FLOTRAN Post-Processing is fairly typical of ANSYS
Explicity read in a set of results (not automatically loaded)
Training Manual
Velocity Vectors
Nodal Solution Plots
Solid Color Line Contours
Path Plots Particle Traces
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Velocity Vectors
Plot Results>Predefined Vector Plot..OK (Use this for Nodal Solution Plots.)
Training Manual
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Vectors - Typical
50 Global Iterations
Training Manual
after 100 Global Iterations
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Nodal Results Plotting
Training Manual
Show up as solid color plots or lines depending on the device chosen

Utility Menu>Plot Ctrls>Device Options Shading or Contours
Choose DOF OK
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Pressures (50, 100 Global Iterations)
Training Manual
001312 30 Nov 1999 2-37
Results
Training Manual
We cant tell the difference between the velocity vector plots, but it looks like the pressures have changed slightly. We also notice that the Convergence Monitors (Normalized rate of change of each DOF) have leveled off.
This implies solution is slightly oscillatory
We will modify the input slightly, choosing the SUPG (Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin) formulation for the momentum equations
The SUPG algorithm is less diffusive and more accurate (but sometimes less robust) than the default algorithm (MSU Monotone Streamline Upwind Method)
Also, set the number of Global Iterations to 100

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Changing Advection
FLOTRAN Setup > Advection
Training Manual
OK!
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Convergence with SUPG
Training Manual
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Results
We could continue, but you get the idea... Use of SUPG has given enhanced convergence.
Training Manual
We should expect a less diffusive solution, and so the recirculation region may be better defined.
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Comparison of Vectors at 100, 200 GI
Training Manual

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Vectors at 200 GI show more extensive recirculation
Path Plots
Look at the profile of VX along the outlet
Training Manual
Procedure -Path Operations

Define Path by Nodes Choose Nodes on either corner of the outlet Map Onto Path Choose VX and label it Plot On graph
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Set up the Path Plot
Training Manual
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Path plot
Pick the corner nodes OK
Training Manual
Name the Path

OK
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Path plot - Still More

Read and dismiss the PDEF (path definition) box Map Onto Path, Choose VX, Give it a Name, OK
Training Manual
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Path Plot - Almost Done

-Plot Path Item on Graph Choose DOF, OK
Training Manual
And Then...
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Path Plot of the Outlet Velocity!
Training Manual
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Some Discussion
Modify the line colors as needed with the Utility Menu
PlotCtrls>Style>Colors>Graphs
Training Manual
Modify the plot controls as needed with Utility Menu

PlotCtrls>Style>Graphs
Result
Fully developed flow would show the outlet velocity profile as a perfect parabola Therefore, the problem domain could be lengthened to provide room for more flow development
Check the Mass Balance
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The Print File
Training Manual
Use the Utility Menu to Look at the bottom of the jobname.pfl file List > Files> Other> (choose jobname.pfl file) Scan to the bottom Mass balance looks good!!! (If you had forgotten to put a No-Slip Boundary condition somewhere, there would be another outlet listed.)
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Massless Particle traces
Training Manual
Particle traces are based on the velocity field, not the stream function. For a steady state, perfectly converged problem on a perfect mesh, the streamlines and particle trace plots would be identical. Procedure: Plot Results>Flow Traces
Define trace points with PICKER
Plot Flow Traces Optionally color code trace with the value of a DOF
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Trace Points
The points defined on the Working Plane
Ensure, for 3D models, that the WP is correctly located!
Training Manual
The resolution of the trace point location is controlled by the currently set Snap Increment (Working plane controls)
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Particle Trace
Color Code According to PRES (or something else!) Note Maximum number of loops allowd
Training Manual
OK
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Particle Trace
The maximum number of loops is exceeded in the recirculation region. Close the box
Training Manual
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New Analysis
Increase the velocity from 10 to 200 (no other changes)
This makes the Reynolds Number ~8500
Training Manual
Solve the problem

Very Shortly you will get a message that either the solution has diverged or that a negative value has been encountered in the coefficient matrix main diagonal.
This is because the flow is now in the turbulence regime and a laminar solution will be unstable.
So activate the turbulence model and again solve.
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FLOTRAN Solution Options

Activate Turbulence with Scroll Down Menu Option,OK SOLVE
Training Manual
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Training Manual
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Turbulent Flow Results
Training Manual
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Discussion
Training Manual
Note that the maximum value of pressure is no longer at the inlet. It has moved to the outlet !!! Consider Bernoullis equation and note that in our new, higher velocity problem the relative importance of the viscosity has decreased.
The recoverable pressure due to the velocity change now dramatically outweighs the viscous losses.
V12 V22 P1 gh1 P2 gh 2 Punrec 2g c 2g c
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New Outlet Velocity Profile
Training Manual
A Fully developed flow would have the maximum value in the center. This implies we should make the problem domain longer.
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Another New Analysis - Extend the Problem

Outline of the steps required
Add another rectangle to the outlet
Training Manual
Try 15 additional inches

Remember to Merge Keypoints Revise boundary conditions Delete old pressure boundary
Pressure on new boundary

Walls
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New Geometry
Training Manual
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Completing the New Geometry
Training Manual
Preprocessor>Numbering Ctrls>Merge Items> Keypoints
As expected, the meshed line is kept
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New Boundary Conditions

Preprocessor>Loads>Delete>
Training Manual
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New Boundary Conditions

Add the walls as done previously
Training Manual
Assign Zero pressure to the outlet line as done previously
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Mesh the New Outlet Area

Use the Mesh tool to copy the transverse direction assignment to the new outlet boundary. PICKER asks for the line to be copied from (pick andOK) and then the line to be copied to (pick and OK).
Training Manual
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Set Divisions Along Outlet
Training Manual
Flip the line after setting (when necessary)
Then Mesh the New Area as in previous fashion

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The Mesh
Training Manual
Note that the symbols shown are the previously transferred Nodal Boundary Conditions. The solid model boundary conditions dont show up on an element plot.
The complete mesh with the symbols turned off..
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Execute
Training Manual
Note that if you have not changed the jobname, FLOTRAN will provide a notice to the effect that it has renamed the old results file to jobname.rfo
This occurs because the number of nodes and elements in the case has changed. Other files such as the jobname.pfl are appended to, even though this is a new analysis
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Training Manual
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Convergence Monitors - more

Training Manual
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Results
Training Manual
Two representations of pressure, the second in the vector mode with 128 contours. Note that the pressure drop, once the flow has recovered, is very small. We expect a good outlet velocity profile.
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Recirculation Region
The recirculation region is captured despite the relatively coarse mesh.
Training Manual
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Benefits of Extension
Training Manual
The lines are superimposed onto the new velocity vector plot. It is clear that the flow is continuing to develop past the original boundary of the problem.
Old Outlet
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Outlet Velocity Profile
Training Manual
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Final Check of Transverse Velocity
Training Manual
The flow is very close to fully developed. The following plot of the transverse velocities at the outlet provides a measure of how close it is. Note the scale. The maximum transverse velocity is 0.11.
End of Problem!
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Chapter 2

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Training Manual

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Example Problem

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-2

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-3

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Density will be 1.1214E-7 (lbf-s2/in4)

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-4

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Preferences provides a filter to prevent irrelevant information from being presented.

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-5

Establish Element Type

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Main Menu: Preprocessor-> Element Type->Add/Edit/Delete

Geometry - Create Inlet/Outlet Regions

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-7

The Two Rectangles

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-8

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Transition Region Between Them

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Lines (Tangent to 2 Lines)

Follow the Instructions carefully in the resulting PICKERS

Check your result with the following page.

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-9

The Smooth Transition Line

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-10

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Transition Area

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Choose 4 keypoints in response to the PICKER, then OK

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-12

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

We will apply Velocities and Pressures

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-13

The Boundary Conditions

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Proper condition at boundary intersections is determined by FLOTRAN

Walls Inlet: VX=10,VY=0

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-14

Solid Model Boundary Conditions

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

4 - Input Values, Do Endpoints of linesOK

2-Pick These 6 Lines

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-15

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-16

Control of the Display

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-17

Preparation for Meshing

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

PICKER shows up and you choose the lines,OK

Use these settings for line divisions Line Divisions

See next page for Mesh tool!

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-18

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

Use FLIP if Line Bias is reversed

001312 30 Nov 1999 2-19