An Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

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Powerpoint Templates Page 2 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2010

Earnings distribution by engineering specialty, May 2008

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Average Starting Salaries: July 2009 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers

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Why Biomedical Engineering?

Promising future developments

Improve medicine, save lives

Numerous possibilities based upon level of biology and engineering specialty And, of course. . . .BIOLOGY!

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Types of problems
Interface between biological and non-biological materials Design, modeling, and construction of biologically-analogous technologies Understanding and improving upon biological limitations

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Overview

Terminology, disciplines, curriculum Case Study: Heart and lung machine Case Study: Neuroengineering - neural prostheses

(If theres time - Case Study: Biochemical Powerpoint Templates Engineering tissue regeneration) Page 7

Overview

Terminology, disciplines, curriculum Case Study: Heart and lung machine Case Study: Neuroengineering - neural prostheses

(If theres time - Case Study: Biochemical Powerpoint Templates Engineering tissue regeneration) Page 8

Terminology
Biomedical engineering
The use of engineering science and math to tackle problems in medicine. When distinguished from bioengineering, focuses more on the machine/device/non-biological type of research.

Bioengineering
Often used interchangeably with biomedical engineering. When distinguishing between the two, typically bioengineering tends to refer to engineering using biological substances, often at a higher level of biology than biotechnology.

Biotechnology
Term that is generally similar to bioengineering, but, in comparison, refers most specifically to direct manipulation and use of living biological substances.

Also, biological engineering and others . Powerpoint Templates Page 9 ..

Disciplines
Biomechatronics
Aims to integrate mechanical, electrical, and biological parts together e.g. sieve electrodes, advanced mechanical prosthetics

Bioinstrumentation
Construction of devices for measuring aspects of physiological status e.g. Electrocardiography (EKG), Electroencephalography (EEG),

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Sieve electrode design

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Biomaterials
Development of materials either derived from biological sources or synthetic, generally used for medical applications e.g. Biopolymers, scaffold material for tissue engineering, coating for transplants

Biomechanics
Study of mechanics as applied to biological structures e.g. Musculoskeletal mechanics, trauma injury analysis

12 lead EKG configuration

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Bionics

Disciplines

Also known as biomimetics, using biological mechanisms as an inspiration for engineered technology e.g. gecko grip, velcro, architectural features

Cellular, tissue, genetic engineering

Manipulation of living cells to replace/improve existing functions or to impart unique function e.g. GMO crops, tissue regeneration

Gecko foot and carbon nanotube imitation

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Medical imaging
Visualization of anatomy and physiology, essential for modern diagnosis and treatment e.g. X-ray, CAT, MRI, fMRI, PET, ultrasound

Bionanotechnology

Set of fMRI data Boxes made with DNA origami

Combination of nanotechnology and biology

e.g. DNA nanotechnology and computing

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Case Study: Heart and Lung Machine

Replaces roles of heart and lungs during surgery

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Heart and Lung Machine

First attempted surgery with heart and lung machine in 1951 by Dr. Clarence Dennis First successful surgery in 1953 by Dr. John Gibbon

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Heart and Lung Machine, Components

Connective tubing PVC or silicone rubber Pump Roller pump ciruclating rotor physically displaces fluid through tubing Centrifugal pump motion of fluid through an impeller (a type of rotor) propels the liquid forward Oxygenator

Traditionally, a bubble oxygenator was used, but this has since been replaced by membrane-coated oxygenators

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Case Study: Neural prostheses

Potential for overlap between chemical, electrical, and mechanical backgrounds

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Neural prostheses - Neurons

Neurons are a specialized form of cell Responsible for quick information transfer in the body

Signaling via chemical and electrical impulses

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Neural prostheses BrainGate

Project based at Brown hoping to restore some activity to quadriplegics

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Neural prostheses BrainGate

Calibration tests
Monkey plays game with joystick, moving arm in response to visual cues
As the monkeys arm moves in the desired direction, brain activity is recorded This firing activity must be decoded to understand the correlation between firing pattern and directional movement
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Neural prostheses A different approach

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) Relocate nerves from arm to chest Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest

Software analyzes firing and drives actuato

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Neural prostheses Robotics technology

Research on replicating human function

Challenges: Linking to biological inputs Sensory feedback

Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by more than 70 muscles) Powerpoint Templates Controlled strength Page 22