Presentation Outline

Introduction Abstract Problems Objective RADAR

Uses of RADAR Types of RADAR

CFAR Proposed Model(CA CFAR)

Introduction
The task of primary radars used in air or vessel traffic control is to detect all objects within the area of observation and to estimate their positional coordinates. Generally speaking, target detection would be an easy task if the echoing objects were located in front of an otherwise clear or empty background. In such a case the echo signal can simply be compared with a fixed threshold, and targets are detected whenever the signal exceeds this threshold.

Abstract
Radar detection procedures involve the comparison of the received signal amplitude to a threshold. In order to obtain a constant false-alarm rate (CFAR), an adaptive threshold must be applied the local clutter situation. The cell averaging approach, for reflecting example, is an adaptive procedure. A CFAR method is discussed using as the CFAR threshold one single value selected from the so-called ordered statistic (this method is fundamentally different from a rank statistic). This Procedure has some advantages over cell averaging CFAR, especially in cases where more than one target is present within the reference window on which estimation of the local clutter situation is based, or where this reference window is crossing clutter edges.

Problems
As threshold leveling is used to detect False Alarm so the use of threshold voltage is so important, if threshold is too high then it may miss some targets & if threshold voltage is too minimum then it may produce large scale of false alarm

Objective
In modern radar systems, equipped with automatic detection circuits, the use of CFAR techniques is required to keep false alarms at a suitably low rate in an a-priori unknown, time varying and spatially non-homogeneous environment By CA-CFAR technique.

RADAR

FIG: RADAR transit time with Tx & Rx Pulse

RADAR Types
Basically Two types of RADAR
Pulse Radar Continuous-Wave Radar
Doppler Radar Frequency Modulated FM Radar

Pulse RADAR
Pulse Radar sends out signals in short (few millions of a second) but powerful bursts or pulses. Pulse Radar determines distance (range) by measuring the time it takes a radar wave to get to the target object and to come back (time of flight) and then divides that time in two (distance to the target). Since all radio waves travel at the same speed of light, this known speed multiplied by the time of flight can be used to determine distance. By continuing to track an object with a pulse radar the speed of the object can also be determined.

Constant False-Alarm Ratio(CFAR)

In the radar receiver the returning echoes are typically received by the antenna, amplified, down-converted and then passed through detector circuitry that extracts the envelope of the signal (known as the video signal). This video signal is proportional to the power of the received echo and comprises the wanted echo signal and the unwanted power from internal receiver noise and external clutter and interference. The role of the constant false alarm rate circuitry is to determine the power threshold above which any return can be considered to probably originate from a target. If this threshold is too low, then more targets will be detected at the expense of increased numbers of false alarms. Conversely, if the threshold is too high, then fewer targets will be detected, but the number of false alarms will also be low. In most radar detectors, the threshold is set in order to achieve a required probability of false alarm (or equivalently,

Constant False-Alarm Ratio(CFAR)(Cont)

If the background against which targets are to be detected is constant with time and space, then a fixed threshold level can be chosen that provides a specified probability of false alarm, governed by the probability density function of the noise, which is usually assumed to be Gaussian. The probability of detection is then a function of the signal-tonoise ratio of the target return. However, in most fielded systems, unwanted clutter and interference sources mean that the noise level changes both spatially and temporally. In this case, a changing threshold can be used, where the threshold level is raised and lowered to maintain a constant probability of false alarm. This is known as constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection.

Constant False-Alarm Ratio(CFAR)(Cont)

An efficient CFAR circuit has to fulfill the following requirements: Efficient implementation regarding required processing power and production costs, Low CFAR-loss, Accurate fitting of the CFAR threshold to the clutter scenario, The CFAR threshold must pass point targets and extended targets, Closely spaced targets must not mask each other,

CFAR Principle
In most simple CFAR detection schemes, the threshold level is calculated by estimating the level of the noise floor around the cell under test (CUT). This can be found by taking a block of cells around the cell under test (CUT) and calculating the average power level. To avoid corrupting this estimate with power from the CUT itself, cells immediately adjacent to the CUT are normally ignored (and referred to as "guard cells"). A target is declared present in the CUT if it is both greater than all its adjacent cells and greater than the local average power level.

Proposed model (CA-CFAR)

The Cell-Averaged CFAR (CA-CFAR) is the most common CFAR detector used for target detection. The CA-CFAR detector is used to regulate the false alarm probability to a desired level in varying background environments through averaging. Figure:1 shows a block diagram of the CA-CFAR algorithm structure. In CA-CFAR detectors, a reference window of N samples which surround the cell or data under test is taken to compute the average value and some guard cells are incorporated in order to avoid targets that are close one to each other affect noise estimation.

CA-CFAR

Fig. 1. Block diagram of a CA-CFAR processor. The main components of the processor are registers, a multiplier, an average computation module and a comparator

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