Types of Memory

What is Memory?
It is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding (forming), storing, and retrieving. Memories are not copies but representations of the world that vary in accuracy and are subject to error and bias.

What are the three processes?

Encoding refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories. Storing is the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall. Retrieving is the process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage.

What are the three types of Memory

Sensory Memory refers to an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds. Short-Term Memory, also called working memory, refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information- an average of seven times 2 to 30 seconds. Long-Term Memory refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over a long periods of time.

Three types of Memory w/ different functions

Two Kinds of Sensory Memory:

Iconic Memory Echoic Memory

Sensory Memory

Iconic Memory
is a form of sensory memory that Echoic Memory automatically holds is a form of sensory visual information for memory that holds about a quarter of a auditory information for second or more; as 1 or 2 seconds. soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears.

Functions of the Sensory Memory

- It prevents you from being overwhelmed. - It gives decision time. - It provides stability, playback, and recognition.

Sensory Memory

Features of the Short-Term Memory

Limited Duration

Limited Capacity
Maintenance Rehearsal refers to Interference results when new the practice of a intentionally information enters short-term repeating or rehearsing memory and overwrites or pushes information so that out information that it is remains already longer there. in short-term memory.

Short-Term Memory

Functions of the Short-Term Memory

- Paying attention transfers information into shortterm memory (Attending). - After a short time, information disappears unless it is rehearsed (Rehearsing). - Some information is eventually transferred for short-term memory into permanent storage (Storing).

Short-Term Memory

Features of the Long-Term Memory

Capacity and permanency Chances of retrieval Accuracy of long-term memory.

Long-Term Memory

Kinds of the Long-Term Memory

Declarative Memory Procedural Memory

Semantic Memory is Can be Semantic or Episodic a Procedural Memory memory involvesfor knowledge involves that memories motor of concepts, skills facts, (playing tennis), words, some definitions, and language cognitive skills, (learningrules, to while Memory involves read), Episodic and emotional behaviors knowledge of specific classical events, learned through personal or conditioning. experiences, activities.

Long-Term Memory

Read this! bear, giraffe, wolf, fly, deer, elk, gorilla, elephant, frog, snail, turtle, shark, owl,

Primacy vs Recency?
Primacy Effect refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the beginning of a task. Recency Effect refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task.

Unusual Memories?
Photographic Memory Extraordinary Episodic Memory Super Memory for Faces Flashbulb Memory
Photographic Memory Flashbulb Memory are which vivid occurs in adults, is the ability to recollections, usually in great form detail, sharp, of detailed dramatic visual or images after examining a emotionally charged incidents picture for ato short that areor ofpage interest the period person.of time and to recall the entire image at a later date.

What is Forgetting?
It refers to the inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory.

Reasons of forgetting

Repression Retrieval Cues Interference Amnesia Distortion

Repression is be a metal process Retrieval Amnesia We may not Cues which aware are may mental of the be Interference ,one of the that automatically emotionally reminders temporary times we that or misremember permanent, we create by something is forming loss of common reason for hides forgetting, means threatening or anxiety-producing vivid memory due mental memory that may images distortions occur after or caused the creating blow by that to the recall of some particular information in unconscious, associations or bias damage or suggestibility. between tothe the new brain information or from after memory is blocked or prevented by which repressed memories cannot be and disease, information general we anesthesia, already know. certain other related memories. voluntarily, but something may cause drugs, or severe psychological trauma. them to enter consciousness at a later time.

Kinds of interference

Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference

Proactive Interference occurs when old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of related new information (learned later). Retroactive Interference occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier).

LOCATION OF MEMORIES IN THE BRAIN Cortex: Long Term Memories

Brain: Memory Model

Cortex: Short Term Memories Amygdala: Memories emotional Hippocampus: Transferring and Retrieving Memories

Improving your Memory Mnemonic methods are ways to improve encoding and create better retrieval cues by forming vivid associations or images, which improve recall. There are two common methods method of loci and peg method.

Method of Loci
Peg Method
Method of Loci is an encoding technique that creates visual associations between already memorized places and new items to be memorized.
Peg Method is an encoding technique that creates associations between number-word rhymes and items to be memorized.