Lecture I

@ Anatomical Terminology
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SUBDIVISIONS of ANATOMY. DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 1) Terms used in describing Position of Body. 2) Terms used in describing Anatomical Planes. 3) Anatomical Adjectives.
* * * * Terms of Relations commonly used in Gross Anatomy Special Terms for Limbs. Certain Other Terms. Terms used for describing Anatomical Movements.

@ Arrangement of Structures in body.

Anatomical Terminology
@ Human anatomy is science, which deals with structure of human body.

@ Initially, anatomy was studied mainly by dissection. @ However, scope of modern anatomy has become very wide. @ Main subdivisions of anatomy are:

SUBDIVISIONS of ANATOMY

1) Cadaveric anatomy is studied on dead bodies usually with naked eye (macroscopic or gross anatomy). @ This can be done by one of two following approaches: = In Regional anatomy body is studied in parts, like upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, head and neck, and brain.

= In Systemic anatomy body is studied in systems, like skeletal system (osteology), muscular system (myology), vascular system (angiology), articulatory system (Syndesmology or arthrology), nervous system (neuroanatomy), and respiratory, digestive, urogenital and endocrine systems (Splanchology).

SUBDIVISIONS of ANATOMY
2) Living anatomy is studied on living human beings, by inspection, palpation, auscultation, endoscopy, . . . . . . etc. 3) Embryology (developmental anatomy) is study of prenatal and postnatal developmental changes in an individual. 4) Histology (microscopic anatomy) is study of structures with aid of a microscope. 5) Surface anatomy (topographic anatomy) is study of deeper parts of body in relation to skin surface. 6) Applied anatomy (clinical anatomy) deals with application of anatomical knowledge to medical and surgical practice. 7) Radiographic anatomy is study of deeper organs by plain and contrast radiography and by modern imaging techniques as computed tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). 8) Comparative anatomy is study of anatomy of other animals to explain changes in form, structure and function of different parts of human body. 9) Experimental anatomy is study of factors, which influence and determine form, structure and function of different parts of body. 10) Physical anthropology deals with external features and measurements of different races and groups of people and with study of prehistoric remains.

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS
1) Terms used in describing a) Anatomical position: @ In this position, body is standing, with eyes looking forwards, upper limbs hanging by side of trunk and palm directed forwards, and lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing forwards. @ All structures are described presuming body in anatomical position, although during study body may be placed in any position. b) Supine position: Lying down (recumbent) position with face directed upwards. c) Prone position: Lying down (recumbent) position with face directed downwards. d) Lithotomy position: Lying supine with buttocks at edge of table, hips and knees are fully flexed, and feet strapped in position.

Position of Body:

2) Anatomical Planes:
A) Median (midsagittal) plane: A (vertical) plane dividing body into right and left, symmetrical halves. a) Paramedian (parasagittal) plane: Any (vertical) plane, which is parallel to median plane and divides body into right and left parts. B) Coronal plane: Any (vertical) plane, perpendicular to median plane and divides body into anterior and posterior parts. b) Midcoronal plane: A coronal plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior equal parts. C) Transverse (horizontal) plane: A plane at right angles to a vertical plane or at right angles to longitudinal axis of any part. D) Oblique plane: Any plane other than aforementioned planes.

3) Anatomical Adjectives
@ Terms used to locate precisely position of structures in relation to each other or in relation to center of body mass.

I) Terms of Relations commonly used in Gross Anatomy:

* Anterior Towards front of body. * Posterior Towards back of body. * Ventral Towards belly (like anterior). * Dorsal Towards back (like posterior). * Superior Towards head. * Inferior Towards feet. * Cranial Towards head (like superior). * Caudal Towards tail. * Median In median plane. * Medial Towards median plane. * Lateral Away from median plane. * Central Close to center of body. * Peripheral Away from center of body.

II) Special Terms for Limbs:

* Proximal Nearer to trunk. * Distal Away from trunk. * Palmar Towards front of hand. * Planter Towards sole of foot. * Radial Outer in upper limb. * Ulnar Inner in upper limb. * Tibial Inner in lower limb. * Fibular Outer in lower limb.
* Preaxial Outer border in upper limb and inner border in lower limb. * Postaxial Inner border in upper limb and outer border in lower limb.

III) Certain Other Terms:

1) Terms used for Hollow organs: * Interior Inner. * Exterior Outer. * Invagination Inward protrusion. * Evagination Outward protrusion.
2) Terms used for Solid organs: * Superficial Towards surface of body. * Deep Inner to surface. 3) Terms used to indicate Side: * Ipsilateral Same side. * Contralateral Opposite side.

IV) Terms used for describing Anatomical Movements

Flexion: Approximation of flexor surfaces, whereby angle of joint is reduced. Extension: Approximation of extensor surfaces, whereby angle of joint increased. It is opposite to flexion. Adduction: Movement towards central axis. Abduction: Movement away from central axis .It is opposite to adduction. Medial rotation: Inward rotation. Lateral rotation: Outward rotation. Circumduction: Combined rotatory movements involving flexion / extension, abduction / adduction. Pronation: Rotation of mid-flexed forearm, so that palm is turned downwards. Supination: Rotation of mid-flexed forearm, so that palm is turned upwards. Eversion: Moving sole of foot away from median plane i.e. turned outwards. Inversion: Moving sole of foot toward median plane i.e. turned inwards. Elevation: Moving up. Depression: Moving down. Protraction: Forward protrusion. Retraction: Movement reverses of protraction.

Arrangement of Structures in body

(From within outwards): 1) Bones form supporting framework of body. 2) Muscles are attached to bones. 3) Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics form neurovascular bundles which course in between muscles, and along fascial planes. 4) Thoracic and abdominal cavities contain several internal organs called viscera. 5) Whole body has three general coverings, namely: a) Deep fascia. b) Superficial fascia. c) Skin.