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Sistem Perkuliahan
Student centered learning : studi kasus. Mahasiswa dibagi dalam kelompok diskusi, mahasiswa mencari kasus pemalsuan obat tradisional, melakukan presentasi, ditambah materi dari dosen Research university : dosen memberikan contoh hasil penelitiannya untuk bahan kuliah e Learning : bahan yang disiapkan dosen maupun penunjang dapat diakses lewat internet
DESKRIPSI SINGKAT :
Farmakognosi Analitik disajikan untuk memberikan kemampuan analisis terhadap preparat farmakognosi, terutama pada aspek sifat fisik, kimia dan fisiko kimia serta analisis mutu bahan baku obat tradisional menuju fitofarmaka. Farmakognosi Analitik merupakan matakuliah prasarat untuk mengambil matakuliah lanjutan, yaitu Fitokimia
Pustaka
1. WHO, 2001, General Control Method For Vegetable Drug, New York 2. Depkes RI, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV, Jakarta 3. Depkes RI, Materia Medika Indonesia, Jakarta 4. WHO, 1999, Monografh, Selected Medical Plants. 5. Analisis jamu 6. H Wagner, S Bladt, and E M Zgainski. 1984. Plant Drug Analysis. A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas. Springer-Verlag
GBRP
Ming gu ke : Materi Pembelajaran Bentuk Pembelajaran Kompetensi Akhir Sesi Pembelajaran Membentuk kelompok kerja dan memilih ketua secara demokratis Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami dan mengerti ruang lingkup farmakognosi analitik Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami standard analisis preparat farmakognosi baik nasional maupun internasional Menemukan standar-standar yang biasa digunakan dalam penentuan mutu simplisia (antara lain adalah Standard WHO, Farmakope, Materia medika dan standard lain) Indikator Penilaian Dosen 1 Informasi Kontrak dan Rencana Pembelajaran. Diskusi Interaktif
STANDARSTANDAR ANALISIS
2 s.d 4
Standard fisik, kimia dan fisikakimia preparat farmakognosi Standard WHO, Farmakope, Materia medika dan standard lain DERAJAT KEHALUSAN SERBUK SIMPLISIA Makna ukuran partikel serbuk Teknik penyiapan serbuk simplisia Penyimpanan dan pengawetan Teknik analisis serbuk
Rosany tayeb
Kuliah
Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami penyiapan, penyimpanan dan analisis serbuk simplisia
Mufidah
GBRP (Lanjutan)
PENETAPAN KADAR DAN KARAKTERISTIK SIMPLISIA
6 Penetapan kadar air dan kadar abu Penetapan kadar minyak atsiri Penetapan kadar tanin Kuliah
Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami cara-cara penetapan kadar berbagai senyawa dari simplisia
Kejelasan uraian
Mufidah
Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami dan mampu Mengidentifikasi cemaran simplisia dan cara-cara pengendalian dan pencegahannya
Kejelasan uraian
Mufidah
CARA PEMERIKSAAN MUTU SIMPLISIA Cara makroskopik Cara mikroskopik Cara fisika Cara kimiawi
Subehan
GBRP (Lanjutan)
INDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA KIMIA
9-10 Reaksi warna golongan Analisis kromatografi Indeks kepedasan, kepahitan, pengembangan, pembusaan Kuliah + diskusi kelas Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat Memahami, merencanakan, menyusun dokumen tahapan pemeriksaan dan melakukan dentifikasi golongan senyawa kimia kandungan simplisia dengan metode sederhana. Kejelasan uraian
Subehan
Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami dan menganalisis kandungan lemak dan minyak lemak simplisia
Subehan
Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa dapat memahami dan mengidentifikasi adanya pemalsuan produk
Ketepatan pemilihan sediaan dan ketepatan prosedur analisis dengan bentuk sediaan Ketepatan waktu pengumpulan setiap tahapan tugas (laporan kemajuan mingguan) Kemampuan menganalisis Kemampuan menyusun laporan mempresentasikannya di kelas Kerja sama Tim pada pelaksanaan tugas dan presentasi
Semua dosen
Pendahuluan
Batasan Farmakognosi
Quality criteria are based on clear scientific definitions of the raw material.
Herbal Drugs
The term herbal drugs denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage A practical addition to the definition is also to include other crude products derived from plants, which no longer show any organic structure, such as essential oils, fatty oils, resins, and gums.
Isolated compounds
Derived or isolated compounds in the processed state such as extracts or even isolated purified compounds (e.g. strychnine from Strychnos nux-vomica) or mixtures of compounds (e.g. abrin from Abrus precatorius) are, as a rule, not included in the definition.
Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents, and homeopathic preparations which frequently contain plants, are not regarded as herbal medicines. Their production is already based on adequate quality control of the respective starting materials.
QC
In general, quality control is based on three important pharmacopeial definitions: 1. Identity: Is the herb the one it should be? (herbal apa yang harus ada) 2. Purity: Are there contaminants, e.g., in the form of other herbs which should not be there? (Kontaminan apa yg tdk boleh ada?) 3. Content or assay: Is the content of active constituents within the defined limits? (Apakah kandungan senyawa aktif berada dalam batas yg telah ditentukan?)
Active constituent
It is obvious that the content is the most difficult one to assess, since in most herbal drugs the active constituents are unknown. Sometimes markers can be used which are, by definition, chemically defined constituents that are of interest for control purposes, independent of whether they have any therapeutic activity or not
Composition
Analytical methods such as photometric analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC) can be employed in order to establish the constant composition of herbal preparations.
Composition
Content or assay is the most difficult area of quality control to perform, since in most herbal drugs the active constituents are not known. Sometimes markers can be used. In all other cases, where no active constituent or marker can be defined for the herbal drug, the percentage extractable matter with a solvent may be usedas a form of assay, an approach often seen in pharmacopeias. The choice of the extracting solvent depends on the nature of the compounds involved, and might be deduced from the traditional uses. For example, when a herbal drug is used to make a tea, the hot water extractable matter, expressed as milligrams per gram of air-dried material, may serve this purpose
the use of fresh plants, age and part of plant collected, period, time and method of collection, temperature of processing, exposure to light, availability of water, nutrients, drying, packing, transportation of raw material and storage, can greatly affect the quality of herbal medicines. Apart from these criteria, factors such as the method of extraction, contamination with microorganisms, heavy metals, and pesticides can alter the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal drugs.
Using cultivated plants under controlled conditions instead of those collected from the wild can minimize most of these factors
Sometimes the active principles are destroyed by enzymic processes that continue for long periods from collection to marketing, resulting in a variation of composition. Thus proper standardization and quality control of both the raw material and the herbal preparations should be conducted.
Standardization involves adjusting the herbal drug preparation to a defined content of a constituent or a group of substances with known therapeutic activity by adding excipients or by mixing herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations
Microscopic Evaluation
A primary visual evaluation, which seldom needs more than a simple magnifying lens, can be used to ensure that the plant is of the required species, and that the right part of the plant is being used. At other times, microscopic analysis is needed to determine the correct species and/or that the correct part of the species is present. For instance, pollen morphology may be used in the case of flowers to identify the species, and the presence of certain microscopic structures such as leaf stomata can be used to identify the plant part used.
Determination of Ash
Total ash is the measure of the total amount of material left after burning and includes ash derived from the part of the plant itself and acidinsoluble ash. The acid-insoluble ash is the residue obtained after boiling the total ash with dilute hydrochloric acid, and burning the remaining insoluble matter. The second procedure measures the amount of silica present, especially in the form of sand and siliceous earth
Karena kemiripan morfologi dengan herbal asli, beberapa varitas dengan kualitas yang lebih rendah digunakan sebagai pencampur pemalsu. Bahan ini dapat atau tidak memiliki senyawa atau potensi terapeutik
Substitusi dengan obat yang telah dikeringkan adalah salah satu bentuk pemalsuan dengan bahan tanaman yang sama tetapi sama sekali tidak mengandung komponen aktif. Praktek ini paling sering dilakukan terhadap tanaman yang mengandung minyak menguap. Yaitu bahan tanaman yang dikeringkan tersebut benar mengandung bagian tanaman yang serupa dengan obat aslinya tetapi tidak mengandung minyak menguap. Material asing seperti bagian lain tanaman, batu dan tanah, dan bahan sintetik juga sering digunakan sebagai bahan penambah/ pemalsu.