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ACTIVE? PASSIVE?
The teacher scolds Kenny. ACTIVE
Kenny
scolds
the teacher.
Kenny ________
ACTIVE or PASSIVE?
Set 1 : ACTIVE a) The teacher scolds Kenny. b) Kenny scolds the teacher. ACTIVE c) Kenny is scolded by the teacher. PASSIVE Set 2 : a) Alex prepares the report. b) The report prepares Alex. c) The report is prepared by Alex. ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Active? - focus on the DOER (or agent) of action. - subject performs action/acts Passive? - focus on the RECEIVER of action. - subject receives action/is acted upon - The subject of the active verb follows by in a passive sentence. - The noun that follows by is called an agent
Only transitive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an object) are used in the passives.
Not possible to use intransitive verbs (such as happen. sleep, come, seem, agree, cry, exist, go, live, occur,rain,stay,walk)in the passive.
Jack sits in the corner when he reads. NOT The corner is sat when Jack reads.
In active voice, doer of action is placed at start of sentence. In passive voice, doer can be hidden.
Examples:
a) Animal skin is used to make leather goods. b) The houses are developed for the poor. c) It is believed that if you cut your fingernails at night, you will see ghosts.
CHANGING ACTIVE TO PASSIVE HOW? Look at TENSES Changes in verb forms ACTIVE VERB to PASSIVE VERB
Forming Tenses of Passive Verbs The passive voice always consists of two parts: a form of the verb "to be" + past participle:
Tense
Simple Present Present Continuous Present prefect
Active Voice
plays/drives is playing/ driving has played/has driven
Passive Voice
is played/ driven is being played/ driven has been played/driven
Simple past
Past continuous
played/ drove
was playing/ driving
Past Perfect
Future
had played/driven
will play/ drive
SIMPLE PRESENT
present tense verb
SIMPLE PAST
past tense verb
was/were + pp.
A) Tom ate the pear. The pear _____ by Tom. B) Tom ate the pears. The pears ______ by Tom
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
is/are +ing is/are + being + pp. A) Tom is eating the pear. The pear _______ by Tom. B) Tom is eating the pears. The pears ________ by Tom.
PAST CONTINUOUS
was/were +ing was/were + being + pp. A) Tom was eating the pear. The pear ________ by Tom.
PRESENT PERFECT
has/have +pp. has/have + been + pp. A) Tom has eaten the pear. The pear has been eaten by Tom.
B) Tom has eaten the pears. The pears have been eaten by Tom.
PAST PERFECT
had +pp had + been + pp. A) Tom had eaten the pear. The pear ________ by Tom.
SIMPLE FUTURE
will + verb
Tom will eat the pear. The pear will be eaten by Tom.
going to + verb
going to + be + pp.
Tom is going to eat the pear. The pear __________ by Tom. Tom is going to eat the pears. The pears ___________ by Tom.
FUTURE PERFECT
will have + pp
will have + been + pp. Tom will have eaten the pear. The pear will have been eaten by Tom.
MODAL VERBS
will would can could shall should may might must ought to
MODAL VERBS
modal verb (modal) + be + pp. A) Tom should do the work. The work _________ by Tom. B) Tom can do the work. The work ________ by Tom.
MODAL PERFECT
(modal) + have (modal) + have +been + pp. A) Tom will have done the work. The work will have been done by Tom.
B) Tom must have made the mistake. The mistake must have been made by Tom.
to?
To +verb to +be + pp. A) Tom is going to sing the song. The song __________ by Tom. B) The law ought to punish the criminals. The criminals ought to be punished (by the law).
?
The leaders
SUMMARY
ing (present participle) have / has / had (perfect) modal / to
+ being + been + be
To summarize
It clearly tells what the action is & who is performing the action. It is shorter. (concise) It is more direct, sincere. Better impact on receiver. Feels more trustworthy
Passive voice
To emphasize an action / the recipient of the action To de-emphasize negative news To conceal the doer of an action (anonymous) To add variety To avoid responsibility To sound less direct. Wordier. Less trustworthy.