MULTIPATH PROPAGATION

Presenting by: BHUPENDRA SAHU 0158EC101017 7th SEM, REC

DEFINATION
A radio signal flow out in different directions as it radiates away from the broadcast Antenna. The transmission medium is the radio channel b/w Tx and Rx for wireless communication. Signal can get from the transmitter to the receiver through a number of different propagation paths. Signal diffracted by different interacting objects (Ios) in the environments. i.e. house,windows,wall,mountains,trees.

MULTIPATH PROPAGATION

Reflection it is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface b/w two different medium. Diffraction it pattern of red laser beam made on a plate after passing a small circular hole in other plate, it refer to various phenomena which occurs when signal encounters a surface. Scattering occurs when incoming signal hits an object ,may also refer to particle-particle collision b/w moleculer,atom,electron,photon etc.

MULTIPATH PROPAGATION

FADING

The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non-LOS. The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by buildings and other objects.

The mobile station is also moving in different directions at different speeds.

TYPES OF FADING

PROPAGATION MODES
Ground-wave

propagation Sky-wave propagation Line-of-sight propagation

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION

GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION

Follows

contour of the earth Can Propagate considerable distances Frequencies up to 2 MHz Example AM radio

SKY WAVE PROPAGATION

SKY WAVE PROPAGATION

Signal reflected from ionized layer of atmosphere back down to earth Signal can travel a number of hops, back and forth between ionosphere and earths surface Reflection effect caused by refraction Examples Amateur radio CB radio

LINE-OF-SIGHT PROPAGATION

LINE-OF-SIGHT PROPAGATION

Transmitting and receiving antennas must be within line of sight

Satellite

communication signal above 30 MHz not reflected by ionosphere communication electro-magnetic waves travelling in a straight line

Ground

LINE-OF-SIGHT EQUATIONS

Optical line of sight

d 3.57 h

Effective, or radio, line of sight

d 3.57 h
d

= distance between antenna and horizon (km) h = antenna height (m) K = adjustment factor to account for refraction, rule of thumb K = 4/3

LINE-OF-SIGHT EQUATIONS

Maximum distance between two antennas for LOS propagation:

3.57 h1 h2
h 1

= height of antenna one h2 = height of antenna two