Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A form of critique or discourse for interrogating all societies and their texts in terms of certain specific issues including race, class, and the attitudes shared within a given culture.
Historical Development
Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) Friedrich Engles (1820-1895)
German Writers, Philosophers, Social Critics Coauthored The Communist Manifesto Declared that the capitalists, or the bourgeoisie, had successfully enslaved the working class, or the proletariat, through economic policies and control of the production of goods
Assumptions
In America, for example, the capitalists exploit the working classes, determine their salaries and working conditions, and other elements of their lives. From this base, arises the superstructurea multitude of social and legal institutions, political and education systems, religious beliefs, values, and a body of art and literature that one social class uses to keep members of the working class in check.
Marxist Criticism
A Marxist critic may begin such an analysis by showing how an authors text reflects his or her ideology through an examination of the fictional worlds characters, settings, society, or any other aspect of the text. The critic may then launch an investigation into
Marxist Criticism
1. The authors social class 2. Its effects upon the authors society 3. Examining the history and the culture of the times as reflected in the text 4. Investigate how the author either correctly or incorrectly pictures this historical period
In what ways does the work serve as propaganda for the status quo; or does it try to undermine it?
Does the literature reflect the authors own class or analysis of class relations?
Key Terms
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
Capitalism Materialism Classism Commodification
Ask Questions
Is there an objection to socialism? Does the text raise criticism about the emptiness of life in bourgeois society? What does the author portray about society? What is emphasized, what is ignored? Are characters from all social levels equally sketched? Are the main problems individual or collective?
How to Use
Expose class conflict Who or what is the dominant class? What does the dominant class believe? How do they impose their beliefs on others? Show how the working class is trapped Show how the working class is oppressed Show how the working class can end their own oppression
Committed Criticism
Union
Not me alone I know now But all the whole oppressed Poor world, White and black, Must put their hands with mine To shake the pillars of those temples Wherein the false gods dwell And worn-out altars stand Too well defended, And the rule of greeds upheld That must be ended. Langston Hughes
Activity Re-cap
What should we expect to see through a Marxist lens?
the political context of the text itself (places the study of literature in the context of important social questions) that we as readers are socially constructed subjects the idea that literature is a part of ideology
References
Appleman, Deborah. Critical Encounters in High School English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents. New York, Teachers College Press, 2000. Brewton, Vince. Marxism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2002. 14 Sept. 2004 < http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary.htm >. Brizee, Allen. Karl Marx. Marxist Literary Criticism. 2000. 18 Sept. 2004 <http://athena.english.vt.edu/~hbrizee/marxindex.htm >. Karl Marx. 15 Sept. 2004 < http://ni206173181.blogspot.com >. Mansour, Dr. Wisam. Marxist Literary Theory. 2000. 16 Sept. 2004 < www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy4573/Lectures/marxism.html >. Schakel and Ridl. Approaching Poetry: Perspectives and Responses. New York: St. Martins Press, 1997. Marxism. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 14. Sept. 2004 < en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism >.
Works Cited
Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994. Murfin, Ross and Ray, Supryia. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.