BASIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONCEPTS

MASONRY & R.C.C STRUCTURES

Engr. Naveed Rashid Director Planning & Design Directorate Punjab Buildings Department Lahore

Basic Concept

A structure is an assembly of members, each of which is subjected to:

bending or direct forces (either tensile or compressive) or, a combination of bending and direct force.

Design

Design includes accessing and providing resistance against:

the moments, the forces, and other effects on the member. (temperature etc)

Efficient Design

An efficiently designed structure is one in which the members are arranged in such a way that the weight, loads and forces are transmitted to the foundations by the cheapest means consistent with the intended use of the structure. Experience and good judgment are as important for safe and economical structures as calculations. Complex mathematics should not be allowed to confuse the sense of good engineering. Same degree of accuracy should be maintained throughout the calculations.

Design Codes

Structural Design is controlled by codes, even within such bounds, the designer must exercise judgment in his interpretation of the requirements.

Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI318-11). Uniform Building Code (UBC) International Building Code (IBC) Building Code of Pakistan.

Economical Structure

In beams and slabs much of concrete is in tension and therefore neglected in the calculations, it is economical to use lean concrete than a rich one. In columns, where all the concrete is in compression, the use of rich concrete is more economical. The use of steel in compression is always uneconomical.

Drawings

All drawings for one contact, the same conventions are adopted and uniformity of appearance and size should be aimed at, thereby making the drawings easier to read. The scales adopted should be commensurate with the amount of detail to be shown. In reinforced concrete details the outline of concrete is to be indicated by a thin line and to show the reinforcement by bold lines. Notes on drawings should be concise and free from ambiguity in meanings.
WOMEN DEV\GENERAL NOTES.dwg

Safety Factors

Ratio of the greatest load that a structure can carry to the actual loading for which it has been designed. CP114:

FOS for concrete = 3 FOS for steel = 2

FOS is applied on loads.

ACI Code:

Characteristic Loads

Dead Loads (DL) Imposed/Live Loads (LL) Wind Forces Seismic Forces

Types Of Structures

Load Bearing Masonry Structure R.C.C Frame Structure Steel Structures Precast Structures Water Retaining Structures

Ground Storage Tanks Elevated Water Tanks

Storage Structures, silos

1. Masonry Structures

Foundation Design Pillars / Walls Design Slab Design Beams Design

Masonry/Spread Foundation

LOAD CALCULATION

SELF WEIGHTOF WALL(9,13) SLAB

SELF WEIGHT (5, 6, 7) FLOOR FINISH (BB 3 + PCC 2) CEILING FINISH (1/2) LIVE LOAD (30 psf TO SAY 100psf) ref. ubc

WIDTH = TOTAL LOAD/BEARING CAPACITY

Walls / Pillars Design

SAFE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

1:3 c/s 125 Psi 1:4 c/s 100 Psi 1:6 c/s 70 Psi
Stress =load / unit area

Check the pillar for stress

Check the walls for slenderness

Slab Design

One Way Slab

Minimum thickness Simply supported =l/20 One end cont. =L/24 Both end cont. =L/28 Cantilever =L/10 (Table 8.1 winter Nilson) Moment= WL^2/8, WL^2/10, WL^2/12 Three variables Load (DL, & LL) :for LL ref ubc/ibc/any design hand book SPANS (SHORT & LONG) END CONDTION (CONT., DISCONTINUOUS)
(coefficents for +ve & -ve moments Table 8.3 winter Nilson)

Two Way Slab

Beams Design

Rectangular beam, T beam & L beam

Loading Bending moment Shear force Design of concrete section (12x18) Flexure reinforcement (6#6 bars) Shear reinforcement (#3rings @6c/c)

Beams Containing compression reinforcement

2. R.C.C Frame Structure

MODELING OF STRUCTURE

FOUNDATION DESIGN COLUMN DESIGN SLAB DESIGN BEAM DESIGN

Modeling Of Frame Structure

SAP ETABS STAAD PCA SOFTWARES

INPUT

GEOMETRY ASSUMED SECTIONS ANTICIATED LOADING DL, LL, SEISMIC, WIND

Foundations

1.

Type of Foundations Spread footing

isolated Isolated footing combined with beam

2.

Strap footing

3. 4. 5.

Combined /strip footing Mat or Raft footing Pile foundations

Foundation Design

Geotechnical design

Proportioning the footing w.r.t geo-tech.report

Area of footing = D+L / bearing capacity

(concentric Loading)

A = (D+L+W) / 1.33 X BC QMAX,MIN = P/A + M/Z

EQ-14.2 WINTE NILSON EQ-14.3

Structural design
1.

Adequate section

Two Way Or Punching Shear One Way Or Beam Shear

2.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is provided against moment

Column Design
1.

Axially Loaded columns

Stress = P/A
Stress = P/A + MX/ZX Stress = P/A + MX/ZX + MY/ZY

2.

Compression Plus Uni-axial bending

3.

Compression Plus Bi-axial bending