AOE 5104 Class 2

Online presentations:
Fundamentals
Algebra and Calculus 1
Homework 1, due in class 9/4
Grading Policy
Study Groups
Recitation times (recitations to start week of
9/8)
Monday 5-6, 5:30-6:30
Tuesday 5-6, 5:30-6:30
3a. Ideal Flow
Viscous and compressible effects small (large Re, low M). Flow is
a balance between inertia and pressure forces, i.e. acceleration
vector balances the pressure gradient vector
Acceleration vector
Pressure gradient vector
Streamline: Line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector
http://www.opendx.org
3b Viscous
Flow
Viscous region not always
confined to a thin layer

Separation: Large region
of viscous flow produced
when the boundary layer
leaves a surface because
of an adverse pressure
gradient, or a sharp
corner
3c. Compressibility
Incompressible Regime M<0.3
Negligible compressibility effects
Subsonic Regime 0.3<M<0.7
Quantitative effects, no qualitative effects
Transonic Regime 0.7<M<1.3
Large regions of subsonic and supersonic flow. Large
qualitative effects.
Supersonic Regime M>1.3
Almost entirely supersonic flow. Large qualitative
effects
Importance of compressibility effects governed by
c
V
M =
Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Re = 10,000 and Mach approximately zero
Re = 110,000 and Mach = 0.45 Re = 1.35 M and Mach = 0.64
Pictures are from An Album of Fluid Motion by Van Dyke
Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Mach = 0.80
Mach = 0.90 Mach = 0.95 Mach = 0.98
Pictures are from An Album of Fluid Motion by Van Dyke
Flow Past a Sphere
Mach = 1.53 Mach = 4.01
Pictures are from An Album of Fluid Motion by Van Dyke
3c. Compressibility

Some Qualitative Effects
Hypersonic vehicle re-entry
NASA Image Library
Shock wave: Very strong,
thin wave, propagating
supersonically, producing
almost instantaneous
compression of the flow,
and increase in pressure
and temperature.
3c. Compressibility
Expansion or isentropic
compression wave
Finite wave (often
focused on a corner),
moving at the sound
speed, producing
gradual compression or
expansion of a flow (and
raising or lowering of the
temperature and
pressure).
Some Qualitative Effects
Cone-cylinder in supersonic free
flight, Mach = 1.84.
Picture from An Album of Fluid
Motion by Van Dyke.
Summary
What a fluid is. Its properties. The governing
laws
Reynolds number. Mach number
How Newtons 2
nd
Law works as a vector
equation
Viscous effects: no-slip condition, boundary
layer, separation, wake, turbulence, laminar
Compressibility effects: Regimes, shock waves,
isentropic waves.
Initial ideas of concepts such as
streamlines/eddies
Qualitative understanding
2. Vector Algebra
Vector basics
Vector: A, A
Magnitude: |A|, A
Scalar: p, |
Types
Polar vector
Velocity V, force F, pressure gradient Vp

Axial vector
Angular velocity e, Vorticity , Area A

Unit vector
i, j, k, e
s
, n, A/A
DIR
P
Q
Vector Algebra
Addition
A + B = C
Dot, or scalar, product
A.B = ABcosu
E.g. Work=F.s
Flow rate through dA=V.dA or V.ndA
A.B=B.A A.A=A
2
A.B=0 if perpendicular
A
A
B
B
C
A
B
u
Vector Algebra
Cross, or vector, product
AxB=ABsinue



AxB=-BxA
AxA=0
AxB=0 if A and B parallel
A
B
u
Measured to be <180
o

Perpendicular to A and B
in direction given by RH
rule rotation from A to B
Parallelogram
area is |AxB|
Vector Algebra Triple Products
1. (A.B)C = (B.A)C
2. Mixed product A.BxC
Volume of parallelepiped
bordered by A, B, C
May be cyclically permuted
A.BxC=C.AxB=B.CxA
Acyclic permutation changes
sign A.BxC=-B.AxC etc.
3. Vector triple product
Ax(BxC) = Vector in plane of B and C
= (A.C)B (A.B)C

A
B
C
BxC
PIV of Flow Downstream of a Circular
Cylinder
Chiang Shih , Florida State University
Cartesian Coordinates
r
j

i

k

Coordinates x, y , z

Unit vectors i, j, k (in
directions of increasing
coordinates) are constant

Position vector
r = x i + y j + z k

Vector components
F = F
x
i+F
y
j+F
z
k
= (F.i)

i+ (F.j)

j+ (F.k)

k

Components same regardless
of location of vector
z
x
y
z
y
x
F

Cylindrical Coordinates
R
e
r
e
u
e
z
Coordinates r, u , z

Unit vectors e
r
, e
u
, e
z
(in
directions of increasing
coordinates)

Position vector
R = r e
r
+ z e
z


Vector components
F = F
r
e
r
+F
u
e
u
+F
z
e
z

Components not constant,
even if vector is constant

r u
z
F

Spherical Coordinates
r
e
r
e
u
e
|
|
u
r
F

Coordinates r, u , |

Unit vectors e
r
, e
u
, e
|
(in
directions of increasing
coordinates)

Position vector
r = r e
r


Vector components
F = F
r
e
r
+F
u
e
u
+F
|
e
|

Errors on this slide in online presentation
Vector Algebra in Components
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
.
B B B
A A A
B A B A B A
e e e
B A
B A
=
+ + =
works for any orthogonal coordinate system!
Concept of Differential Change In a
Vector. The Vector Field.
V
-2
-1
0
1
2
y
/
L
-2
0
2
-
T
/
U
L
0
1
2
z
/
L
V+dV
dV
V=V(r,t)
|=|(r,t) Scalar field
Vector field
Differential change in vector
Change in direction
Change in magnitude
P
P'
e
r

e
u

e
z

u
du
r
z
Change in Unit Vectors
Cylindrical System
r
d d e e u
u
=
u
ue e d d
r
=
0 =
z
de
e
u
+de
u
e
r
+de
r
e
r

e
u

de
u

de
r

Change in Unit Vectors
Spherical System
u |
| u
| u
u | u |
u | u
u | u
e e e
e e e
e e e
cos sin
cos
sin
d d d
d d d
d d d
r
r
r
=
+ =
+ =
r
e
r
e
u
e
|
|
u
r
See Formulae for Vector
Algebra and Calculus
Example
k j i r z y x + + =
k j i
r
V
dt
dz
dt
dy
dt
dx
dt
d
+ + = =
z r
z r e e r + =
R=R(t)
Fluid particle
Differentially small
piece of the fluid
material
V=V(t)
The position of fluid particle moving in a flow
varies with time. Working in different coordinate
systems write down expressions for the position
and, by differentiation, the velocity vectors.
O
... This is an example of the calculus of vectors with respect to time.
z
r
r
dt
dz
dt
d
r
dt
dr
dt
d
e
e
e
r
V + + = =
z r
dt
dz
dt
d
r
dt
dr
e e e + + =
u
u
Cartesian
System
Cylindrical
System
Vector Calculus w.r.t. Time
Since any vector may be decomposed into
scalar components, calculus w.r.t. time, only
involves scalar calculus of the components
( )
( )
( )
( )
} } }
+ = +

c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
+ c
dt dt dt
t t t
t t t
t t t
B A B A
B
A B
A
B A
B
A B
A
B A
B A B A
.