19-1

AAE 556 - Aeroelasticity

Flutter-a scary
instability
h(t)
u(t)
x
cg
shear
center
x
c.g.
restrict to small angle
small disturbances
- big effects
Purdue Aeroelasticity
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-2
Lockheed Electra - 1959
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-3
Quasi-steady flutter
Flutter is a self-excited, dynamic,
oscillatory instability requiring the
interaction between two different modes
of motion and an external energy supply
Quasi-steady aerodynamic loads ignore
the unsteadiness of the flow created by
lags between motion and developing
forces and momemts
What we are looking for
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-4
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-5
Unsteady aerodynamics
h(t)
u(t)
x
cg
shear
center
x
c.g.
restrict to small angle
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-6
Airfoil start-up with vortices
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-7
Wagner function - response to a
sudden increase in angle of
attack
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

s
t
e
a
d
y

l
i
f
t
steady-state lift
distance traveled in semi-chords (s=Vt/b)
6 0 12 18
Wagners function
0.5
0
1.0
| s ( ) ~10.165e
0.0455s
0.335e
0.3s
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-8
Well start with simplified models of
the airloads due to motion
( )
L dis
L qSC L t
o
u = +
V
lift
( ) t M 0 M
dis AC
+ =
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-9
Free vibration with quasi-steady loads
| | | |
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

Le
L h
K
h
M
ij ij
u
u


divide by
2
m
u
e
2
2 2
2
2
2
0
1
1
0
h
T
K
m x h
h
x r K
m
L
m
Le
m
u
u
u u
u u u
u
e
u e
u
e
e
e
(
(

(
(
+
` `
(
(
)
)
(

=
`

)

START
FINISH
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

0
0
0
0
u
u
u u
u
h
K
K
h
I mx
mx m
T
h


Warning algebra!!!!
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-10
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-11
Define new collections of terms

=
)
`

(
(
(
(

+
)
`

2
2
2
T
2
h
2
2
m
Le
m
L
h
m
K
0
0
m
K
h
r x
x 1
1
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
e
e
u
e
e
u e

=
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

2
2
2
2
2
h
2
2
m
Le
m
L
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
1
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
e
e
u
e
e
u e


Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-12
Aerodynamic loads in terms of
displacements
2
2
2
0 1
0
L
L
qSC m h
Le e m
m
o
u
u
u
e
u e
e

(
=
` `
(
)

)
2
2
2 2 2
2
0 1 0 1
1
0
0
h
L
qSC x h h
h
x r e m
r
o
u
u
u u u u
u
e
e
u u e e
u
(

( (
(
+ =
` ` `
( (
(
) )
)
(

Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-13
Finally - free vibration with the wind
blowing
)
`

=
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

u
e
u
e
e
u e
u
u
u
u u
u
u
o
h
e 0
1 0
m
qSC
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
1
2
L
2
2
2
h
2
2


2
2
2 2 2
2
0 1 0 1 0
1
0 0
0
h
L
qSC x h h
h
x r e m
r
o
u
u
u u u u
u
e
e
u u e e
u
(

( (
(
+ + =
` ` ` `
( (
(

) ) )
)
(

Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-14
Solve these equations by assuming a
harmonic time solution
( )
( )
t i
e
h
st
e
h
t
t h
e
u u
u
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

0
0
h
e 0
1 0
m
qSC
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
2
L
2
2
2
h
2
2
2
u e u
e
e
u e
e
u
o
u
u
u u
u
u
results after division by e
iet
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-15
Combine terms and look for similarity
parameters
2
V
2
1
q =
u
e
e
= O
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

0
0
h
e 0
1 0
m
qSC
h
r 0
0 h
r x
x 1
2
L
2
2
2
h
2
2
2
u e u
e
e
u e
e
u
o
u
u
u u
u
u
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

O
0
0
0
1 0
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u e

u
e
e
u
u
o
u
u
u u
u
h
e m
SC V
h
r
h
r x
x
L
h
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-16
Define new parameters
2
V
2
1
q =
mass volume air
mass airf oil
l b
m
2
= =
t

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
t e e

e
o o o
u u u
L L L
C
b
V
b
m
clC V
m
qSC
2
2
2
2
2
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

O
0
0
0
1 0
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u e

u
e
e
u
u
o
u
u
u u
u
h
e m
SC V
h
r
h
r x
x
L
h
Reduced velocity
be=speed
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-17
Nondimensional parameters called reduced
velocity, frequency ratios... Characterize the
models and phenomena causing flutter
u
e b
V
V =
u
e
e
= O
2
2
h
2
R
u
e
e
=
b
e
e =
b
r
r
u
u
=
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-18
Non-dimensionalization
)
`

O
0
0
0
1 0
0
0 1
2 2
2
2
2
u
e
u u u
o
u u u
u
b
h
e mb
qSC
b
h
r
R
b
h
r x
x
L
2
2
h
2
R
u
e
e
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t e e
o o
u u
L L
C
b
V
b
m
qSC
2
2
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

(
(
(

+
)
`

0
0
0
1 0
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
u e u
e
e
u e
e
u
o
u
u
u u
u
u
h
e m
qSC
h
r
h
r x
x
L
h
1/b
1/b
2

)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

O
0
0
0
1 0
0
0 1
2
2
2
2
2
u
e t
u u u u
u u
u
o
b
h
e b
V
C
b
h
r
R
b
h
r x
x
L
The prize
Purdue Aeroelasticity
19-19
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
0 1 0
0 0
L
h h
x
R
b b
x r
r
h
C
V
b
e b
o
u
u u
u
u
u u
t e
u

(
(

O +
` `
(
(



) )

| || | (

+ =
` ` | |
(

) \ . \ .

)
h(t)
u(t)
x
cg
shear
center
x
c.g.
restrict to small angle