NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

LESSON 1 BASIC ENGLISH PROFICIENCY

are names of persons, places, animals, things, or events. are expressed in number singular and plural forms.

A brief examination is done.

Makati is a city.
Sarah is a doctor. Valentines Day is on the 14th of February.

1. Take note of how nouns change from the singular to the plural form: Singular (-s) Plural (+s/+es)

week
box country

weeks
boxes countries

2. Some compound nouns form their plural by adding s at the end of the word. bookcase-bookcases bathroom-bathrooms schoolhouse-schoolhouses
3. Some compound nouns form their plural by adding s to the first word. mother-in-law mothers-in-law lady-in-waiting ladies-in-waiting

4. Nouns ending in ful form their plural by adding s at the end. cupful-cupfuls handful-handfuls mouthful-mouthfuls 5. Letters, figures, signs, and words regarded merely as words form their plural by adding s (apostrophe s).

Mind your bs and vs. Your 4s and 6s are not clear. He will not accept any ifs and buts.

6. Possessive nouns

childs toys girls bags

childrens toys

ladys bag ladies dresses

mens cars

foxes tails girls handkerchiefs

7. Nouns that end in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves. leaf-leaves

loaf-loaves
half-halves

8. Certain irregular nouns have special plural forms. one foot, two feet
a mouse, many mice

9. There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example: -ity > nationality -ment > appointment -ness > happiness -ation > relation -hood > childhood

10. Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):
a relief the doctor my house an afternoon this word such stupidity

11. Nouns often come after one or more adjectives: a great relief a peaceful afternoon the tall, Indian doctor this difficult word my brown and white house such crass stupidity

KINDS OF NOUNS

1. COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE

dog, cat, animal, man, person bottle, box, litre coin, note, dollar cup, plate, fork table, chair, suitcase, bag music, art, love, happiness advice, information, news furniture, luggage rice, sugar, butter, water electricity, gas, power money, currency

How to quantify nouns a piece of news a bottle of water a grain of rice We can use some and any with countable nouns: We can use some and any with uncountable nouns: I've got some money. Have you got any rice? We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns: I've got a little money. I haven't got much rice.

I've got some dollars. Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I've got a few dollars. I haven't got many pens.

2. CONCRETE & ABSTRACT

computer, book, mouse, rocket, book, room, school, house, clock, perfume, cloud, smoke education, love, speed, wisdom, beauty, sadness, communication

3. PROPER & COMMON

Common Nouns president dog country state building school holiday mountain river Proper Nouns President Bush Lucky France California White House Columbia Middle School Fourth of July Mount Everest Mississippi River

4. COLLECTIVE NOUN People

trio

committee

audience
gang family staff

crew jury band choir orchestra class

Animals swarm school Things bunch set

team pack

colony herd

clump stack

pod bundle

5. COMPOUND
flashlight, doghouse, high school, seat belt, editor-in-chief, great-grandfather

EXERCISE 1
Practice pluralizing the following terms:
1. reflex 2. Axis 3. murmur 4. extremity 5. adnexa 6. knee 7. tooth 8. mumps 9. roof 10.crisis 11. species 12. bacterium 13. scrotum 14. datum 15. diagnosis 16. ass 17. artery 18. exostosis 19. liter 20. child 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. prognosis pharynx allergy lens measles

ANSWERS

1.reflexes 2.axes 3.murmurs 4.extremities 5.adnexa (plural of annexus) 6.knees 7.teeth 8.mumps 9.roofs

1O. crises 11. species (same) 12. bacteria 13. scrotums/scrota 14. data 15. diagnoses 16. asses 17. arteries 18. exostoses

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

liters children prognoses pharynges allergies lenses measles

EXERCISE 2
Identify the nouns in the following sentences and their kind.
1.Communication is a very important process to all people.

2.Nicole is filled with happiness today because justice has been served by the judge.
3.The ability to talk is a very powerful advantage. 4. Mary could not catch the childrens ball. 5.The plane, one of the world's fastest, just took off.

are words that replace nouns. have different kinds such as PERSONAL, REFLEXIVE, INDEFINITE, INTERROGATIVE, and INTENSIVE .

1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Used as A SUBJECT in a sentence

SUBJECTIVE

1ST

My friends and I are gymnasts. Dan is older than I.

WE

We are gymnasts.

SUBJECTIVE

Used as A SUBJECT in a sentence

2nd

You

You have to attend the English class. It is you who should behave.

SUBJECTIVE

Used as A SUBJECT in a sentence

3rd

HE

He

is a medical transcriptionist.

SHE IT THEY

She It belongs to me. They go to school

every day.

OBJECTIVE

Used as an OBJECT in a sentence

1ST

ME

The school has chosen me and my friends to lead the camp.

The officer has asked us leaders to have a meeting.

US

OBJECTIVE

Used as an OBJECT in a sentence

2nd

YOU

This adventure has changed you into a better person.

OBJECTIVE

Used as an OBJECT in a sentence

3rd

HIM HER

The judge sentenced him/her to life imprisonment. Show it to me. Give them time to think.

IT
THEM

POSSESSIVE

Used to show POSSESSION

1ST

MINE OURS

The treasure is mine. The decision is ours.

POSSESSIVE

Used to show POSSESSION

3rd

HERS HIS
ITS

Jack decided that the pail is hers(his).

Have you found its remnants? The cameras are theirs.

THEIRS

2. REFLEXIVE
1st

Used to show POSSESSION

myself, ourselves

2nd
3rd

yourself, yourselves
himself, herself, itself, themselves

She has given herself a break.

3. INTENSIVE: (used to emphasize)

myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves

I myself will do this task.

4. RELATIVE

who, which, that, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

The king who is full of wisdom is Solomon.

The doctor found out that the patient is sick of cancer.

Who, whose and whom refer to persons

The man who won the prize is from Manila. The person whom you met was the principal.

5. INDEFINITE: Singular: another, anybody, anyone, somebody, anything, one, each, either, everyone, everybody, everything, neither, nobody, no one, someone

INDEFINITE:

Plural: both, several, many, few Singular/Plural: some, none, most, all, any

6. INTERROGATIVE:
who, whom, whose, what, which
What do we have for lunch?

7. DEMONSTRATIVE: this, these, that, those

These are the documents.

8. NUMERICAL: Five of them were interviewed. The ninth won.

EXERCISE 3
Identify the pronouns used in the following sentences. Opposite each pronoun, name the kind.

1. Im so excited! We have two weeks off! What are you going to do? 2. Where is Amelia? Is she in school?

3. They will not let you and me go with them.

4.This is the best you can do? 5.The principal suspended those students for two days.

6.Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.

7.Few will be chosen; fewer will finish. 8.You paid yourself a million dollars? 9.Who will help me? 10.Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle.

ANSWERS
1. Im so excited! We have two weeks off! What are you going to do? I-personal you-personal

We-personal

what-interrogative

2. Where is Amelia? Is she in school?

Where-interrogative
She-personal

3. They will not let you and me go with them. They, you, me, them=personal
4.This is the best you can do? this=demonstrative you=personal 5. The principal suspended those students for two days.

those=demonstrative

6. Whoever crosses this line first will win the race. whoever=relative

this=demonstrative
7. Few will be chosen; fewer will finish.

few, fewer=indefinite
8. You paid yourself a million dollars?

you=personal
yourself=reflexive

9. Who will help me? who=interrogative me=personal 10. Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle. I=personal ourselves=reflexive my=personal, possessive adjective

Identify all the nouns in the sentences below. Give the kind of each.

PRESENT ILLNESS: This 68-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and congestive heart failure was apparently in good health, although he had failed to follow up on his office appointments, and ran out of refills on probably his Lasix 1 week ago. The patient shortly thereafter had some slight precordial chest pain which resolved.

PRESENT ILLNESS: This 68-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and congestive heart failure was apparently in good health, although he had failed to follow up on his office appointments, and ran out of refills on probably his Lasix 1 week ago. The patient shortly thereafter had some slight precordial chest pain which resolved.

Identify all the pronouns in the sentences below. Give the kind of each.

The precordial chest pain returned again. The patient obtained good relief with nitro sublingual. The patient has also been on Calan and Micro-K, which he has continued to take. He has had no chills or fever. No nausea, emesis, or diarrhea. No unusual color change. He did complain of being somewhat diaphoretic and dizzy with the chest pain.

The precordial chest pain returned again. The patient obtained good relief with nitro sublingual. The patient has also been on Calan and Micro-K, which he has continued to take. He has had no chills or fever. No nausea, emesis, or diarrhea. No unusual color change. He did complain of being somewhat diaphoretic and dizzy with the chest pain.

Change the following noun phrases using a possessive noun.

1. the history of hypertension and congestive heart failure of a 68-year-old Caucasian male 2. the office appointments of the patient

3. the appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and umbilical herniorrhaphy of this male

4. the normal sound of the heart 5. the loud heart murmur of the patient

Kinds of Nouns Proper, common, abstract, concrete, countable, uncountable, collective, compound

Kinds of Pronouns
Personal, interrogative, relative, reflexive, indefinite, demonstrative, numerical, intensive