Authors Prof. S.P.Singh, NIT Rourkela, Odisha B. Sultana, M.

Tech Geotechnical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha Presented By BENAZEER SULTANA M. Tech In Geotechnical Engineering Department Of Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND METHODOLOGY RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

Thermal power plants using coal is chief source of energy in

our country.

The total production of ash was found to be 131 million tonnes during 2010-11

Wet disposal method is most widely used by the thermal

power plant.

At present around 265 km2 of area is covered by ash ponds and by 2015 it would require 1,000 km2 for its disposal

Scarcity of land the power plants raise the height of dykes to increase the ponding capacity.

Filters and drains are two most important criteria for stability

and reliability of ash pond.

Purpose of filter 1. to protect the fly ash against being carried away with seepage. 2. to take out the seepage water in order to keep the fly ash

in dry condition avoiding liquefaction .

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Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE

Seismic failures Dobry and Alvarez of Chilean (1967) dams.

Studied seismic failures of some tailings dams in Chilie and found that the reason being inadequate drainage.

Flow failures of K. J. Jeyapalan, some mine (1981) tailings dams

Reviewed failures of 16 tailings dams and ash dykes which were caused due to the instability of dams constructed using the upstream method due to excessive pore pressures and absence of internal drainage

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE

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Granular Filter for Ash Dykes

S.R.Gandhi and Conducted tests on V. Gima amount of penetration, Mathew(1996) amount of bypassing and amount of clogging of fly ash through different size sand filter

Indian Geotechnical Conference held at Madras during December 11-14,

1996

Design And S.R.Gandhi Maintenance Of (2005) Ash Pond For Fly Ash Disposal
Use of Bottom ash in lieu of sand as filter in ash dyke embankment J. Kumar and D.N.Naresh (2012)

Described the design and maintenance of ash pond for fly ash disposal

Indian Geotechnical Conference, Warangal. 2005

Conducted a case study on Geo Congress the use of bottom ash as 2012,ASCE . filter in lieu of sand as internal drainage for exiting the hydraulic gradient

MOTIVATION: Non-availability of good sand as a filter material during monsoon and just after monsoon creates a problem in construction of ash dyke. Coarse pond ash and bottom ash which are the waste products and non-plastic in nature and available abundantly may replace the conventional sand as a filtering material. SCOPE To study the crushability and permeability properties of samples subjected to different loading intensities (dynamic compacting energies of 0 to 4278 kJ/m3 ) To find out the filter criteria and check whether these materials are suitable as a filter media after being subjected to loading.

Bottom ash and coarse pond ash samples were collected from NTPC, Kaniha, Odisha

Determination of index properties Grain size distribution curve, specific gravity, plasticity index of both the samples were determined as per the Indian Standard Code of practice IS-2720 part (VI), IS-2720 part (III) and IS-2720 part (VI) respectively.

Physical parameter Colour Shape Mean diameter, D50

Pond Ash Light grey

Bottom Ash

Grey colour with unburned coal Rounded/ sub rounded Rounded/ sub rounded 0.3 mm 0.28 mm 3.52 1.028 2.12 Non-plastic 4.0265

Uniformity coefficient, 3.33 Cu Coefficient of 1.2 curvature, Cc Specific gravity, G 2.18 Plasticity index, Ip Loss on ignition Non-plastic 0.347

Sample preparation

Subjected to dynamic compactions in a Proctor mould at dry state either in using Standard Proctor rammer or Modified Proctor rammer The number of blows and layers are so adjusted that the resulting compactive effort (E) on the sample are either 149, 595, 1070, 2674 or 4278 kJ/m3

Grain size distributions for all twelve samples were conducted as per IS: 2720 part (IV)
110

E=0
100 90 80 70 E=149kJ/m3 E=595kJ/m3 E=1070kJ/m3 E=2674kJ/m3

E=4278KJ/m3

% finer

60 50 40 30 20

10
0 0.01 0.1
particle size in mm

10

100

Fig 1 Grain size distribution curve of pond ash

110

100 E=0
90 E=149kJ/m3 E=595kJ/m3 E=1070kJ/m3 70 E=2674kJ/m3 E=4278kJ/m3

80

% finer

60
50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01

0.1

10

100

particle size in mm

Fig 2 Grain size distribution curve of bottom ash

Coefficient of uniformity, coefficient of curvature and mean diameter of the samples Compacti Pond Ash on energy in kJ/m3
D50 0 0.35 Cu 3.33 Cc 1.2

Bottom ash

D50 0.29

Cu 3.52

Cc 1.028

149
595 1070 2674 4278

0.29
0.26 0.258 0.24 0.23

3.88
4.91 5.08 5.185 5.192

1.4
1.77 1.8 1.85 1.9

0.267
0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23

3.69
3.79 4.20 4.37 5.79

1.154
1.219 1.279 1.366 1.392

Determined as per IS-2720 part (14) for samples that have been subjected to different compactive energies Minimum dry density was determined by filling the standard mould in sand raining method to their loosest state Maximum dry density was determined with respect to their densest state using vibrating table and putting a surcharged weight over it

Pond ash Compaction Energy in minimum kJ/m3 density in gm/cc

Bottom ash

maximum dry density in gm/cc 1.009 1.081 1.11

1.161 1.223 1.254

minimum density in gm/cc 0.862 0.901 0.938

0.946 0.994 1.036

maximum dry density in gm/cc 1.038 1.087 1.138

1.144 1.203 1.246

0 149 595
1070 2674 4278

0.8025 0.858 0.8795

0.9245 1.0135 1.0369

Coefficient of permeability of both pond ash and bottom ash samples were determined per IS: 2720 (part 36 )1987

Compaction Energy in kJ/m3

Pond ash

Bottom ash

Coefficient of Coefficient of Coefficient of permeability permeability permeability at at minimum at maximum minimum density in 10-3 dry density in density in 10 -3 cm/sec 10 -3 cm/sec cm/sec
11.54 10.06 9.070 8.204 6.327 4.256 8.40 7.193 5.147 4.162 2.246 1.354 8.5478 7.264 5.611 4.669 2.288 1.123

Coefficient of permeability at maximum dry density in 10 -3 cm/sec

5.388 4.493 2.656 1.4158 0.791 0.551

0 149 595 1070 2674 4278

Index Properties Specific gravity of pond ash and bottom ash are found to be 2.18 & 2.12 which are lower than that of the conventional earth material Based on the grain-size distribution, the coal ashes can be classified as sandy silt to silty sand

Cu increases from 3.33 to 5.192 for pond ash and for bottom ash it increases from 3.52 to 5.79 with increase in compactive energy from 0 to 4278 kJ/m3 Cc increases from1.2 to1.9 for pond ash sample and for bottom ash sample 1.028 to1.392 with increase in compactive energy from 0 to 4278 kJ/m3 This indicates that with increase in compactive effort the size of grains reduced and the samples tend to be well graded.

7 Co-efficent of curvature and uniformity

5 Cu of pond ash 4 Cc of pond ash

Cu of bottom ash
Cc of bottom ash

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 kJ/m3 3000 3500 4000 4500 compaction energy in

Fig. 3 Coefficient of curvature and uniformity of samples subjected to different compactive energies

1.3

1.2

dry density in gm/cc

1.1

1 minimum dry density of pond ash maximum dry density of pond ash minimum dry density of bottom ash maximum dry density of bottom ash

0.9

0.8

0.7 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 kJ/m3 3500 4000 4500 compaction energy in

Fig. 4 Minimum

and maximum density of samples subjected to different compactive energies

12

at minimum dry density condition of PA at maximum dry density condition of PA at minimum dry density condition of BA

10

permeability 10-3 cm/sec

at maximum dry density condition of BA

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 kJ/m3 3000 3500 4000 4500 compaction energy in

Fig 5 Graph between compaction energy and permeability

D15 (F) > 5 D15 (B) or 0.1mm D15 (F)=0.15mm Test result is found to be 5D15(B) = 0.88 mm but After crushing D15 (F) = 0.07 and 5D15 (B) = 0.025mm Partially Satisfying IS criteria As it is a silty sand and for percentage finer than 15%- 39% D15 (F) < (40-A)/(40-15) *(4D85(B)-0.7)+0.7 m m where A = % passing 75 micron Test result is found to be (40-A)/(40-15) *(4D85(B)-0.7)+0.7 = 9.716 mm After crushing at maximum compaction energy is found to be D15 (F) = 0.07< 2.708 Satisfying IS criteria

Filter materials are non-cohesive Maximum size of the filter materials are less than 75mm. Filter material passing 75 micron is less than 5%

Specific gravity for both pond ash and bottom ash are found to be 2.18 and 2.12 respectively which are lower than the conventional earth material of similar gradation As the compaction energy increases, particles crushed but their gradation changes from uniformly graded to well grade Particles after crushing (subjected to compaction energies from 0 to 4278 kJ/m3 ) however it also satisfies the IS filter criteria After crushing permeability of both pond ash and bottom ash decreases but lies within the range of sand Use of bottom ash as a filter material also reduces the cost of construction of ash dyke. It is also an effective means of utilisation of thermal power plant waste.

Dobry. R and Alvarez, L. (1967), Seismic Failures of Chilean dams. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.93.No.SM6,pp.237-260 Jeyapalan, K.J. (1981). Flow Failures of some mine Tailings Dams, Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 12, pp. 153-166. Gandhi, S.R., and Gima V. Mathew, (1996) Granular Filter for Ash Dykes, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference held at Madras during December 11-14, 1996. pp.532-535. Gandhi, S.R., Raju, V.S., and Vimal Kumar, (1997) Densification of Deposited Ash Slurry, Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Solid Waste Management, Philadelphia.

Gandhi S. R.,(2005) Design And Maintenance Of Ash Pond For Fly Ash Disposal. Indian Geotechnical Conference, Warangal. Pedro J Amaya, Andrew J Amaya, (2007) The use of Bottom Ash in the Design of Dams World of coal ash (WOCA), Northen Kentucky , USA Indian Standard (IS): 9429 Drainage System for Earth and Rockfill Dams Code of Practice. Kumar, J. and Naresh, D.N (2012)Use of Bottom ash in lieu of sand as filter in ash dyke embankment GeoCongress 2012,ASCE

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