Introduction To Matlab Application To Electrical Engineering Part II

Introduction to MATLAB
Dr. Mi Sa Nguyen University of Technical Education HCM city dalat1984@yahoo.com
1 Introduction to MATLAB
What is MATLAB?

MATLAB is an abbreviation for "MATrix LABoratory" MATLAB provides a language and environment for numerical computation, data analysis, visualisation and algorithm development MATLAB provides functions that operate on

Integer, real and complex numbers Vectors and matrices Structures
1 Introduction to MATLAB
What is MATLAB?
The basic building block in MATLAB is the matrix. The fundamental data type is the array. In mathematical computations, especially those that utilize vectors and matrices, MATLAB is better in terms of ease of use, availability of built-in functions, ease of programming, and speed. There are numerous prepared commands for 2D and 3D graphics as well as for animation.
2 History of MATLAB
Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s (Fortran). Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. He wrote MATLAB in C and founded MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation.
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2 History of MATLAB
Version MATLAB 1.0 MATLAB 2 MATLAB 3 Release name Number
1984 1986 1987
Year
Release Date
Notes C for MS-DOS
MATLAB 3.5
1990
Ran on MSDOS but required at least a 386 processor . Version 3.5m required math coprocessor
MATLAB 4 MATLAB 4.2c
1992 1994
Ran on Windows 3.1. Required a math coprocessor
2 History of MATLAB
Version Release name Number 1996 Year Release Date December, 1996 May, 1997 March, 1998 January, 1999 November, 1999 November, 2000 June, 2001 MATLAB 5.0 Volume 8 MATLAB 5.1 Volume 9 MATLAB 5.1.1 R9.1 MATLAB 5.2 R10 MATLAB 5.2.1 R10.1 MATLAB 5.3 R11 MATLAB 5.3.1 R11.1 MATLAB 6.0 R12 MATLAB 6.1 R12.1 Notes Unified releases across all platforms.
1997
1998
1999
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2000 2001
2 History of MATLAB
Version Release name Number MATLAB 6.5 R13 MATLAB 6.5.1 R13SP1 13 MATLAB 6.5.2 R13SP2 MATLAB 7 R14 MATLAB 7.0.1 R14SP1 14 MATLAB 7.0.4 R14SP2 MATLAB 7.1 R14SP3 MATLAB 7.2 R2006a 15 Year 2002 2003 Release Date July, 2002 Notes
2004
2005
MATLAB 7.3 R2006b
16
2006
June, 2004 October, 2004 March 7, 2005 September 1, 2005 March 1, 2006 September 1, 2006
2 History of MATLAB
Version Release name Number MATLAB 7.4 R2007a 17 Year Release Date March 1, 2007 Notes
Last release for Windows 2000 and Power September 1, PC Mac. 2007 License Server support for Windows Vista New ClassMarch 1, 2008 Definition Syntax. October 9, 2008
MATLAB 7.5 R2007b
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2007
MATLAB 7.6 R2008a
19 2008
MATLAB 7.7 R2008b
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2 History of MATLAB
Version Release name Number Year
MATLAB 7.8 R2009a 21
Notes First release for 32-bit & 64-bit March 6, 2009 Microsoft Windows 7.
First release for Intel 64-bit Mac, and last for Solaris SPA RC.
Release Date
2009 MATLAB 7.9 R2009b
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September 4, 2009
MATLAB 7.9.1 R2009bSP1 2010
April 1, 2010 Last release March 5, 2010 for Intel 32-bit Mac.
MATLAB 7.10 R2010a
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2 History of MATLAB
Version Release name Number 2010 24 Year MATLAB 7.11 R2010b Release Date September 3, 2010 March 17, 2011 25 26 27 2012 2011 April 8, 2011 September 1, 2011 March 1, 2012 Notes
MATLAB R2010bSP1 7.11.1 MATLAB 7.12 R2011a

MATLAB 7.13 R2011b MATLAB 7.14 R2012a
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2 History of MATLAB
Version Release name Number Year Notes First release with Toolstrip i nterface MATLAB September 11, Apps. 2012 Redesigned documentation system.
New unit March 7, 2013 testing framew ork.
Release Date
MATLAB 8
R2012b
28
2012
MATLAB 8.1 R2013a
29
2013
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3 MATLAB Functionality
Built-in Functionality includes

Matrix manipulation and linear algebra Data analysis Graphics and visualisation and hundreds of other functions
Add-on toolboxes provide*

Image processing Signal Processing Optimization Genetic Algorithms * but we have to pay for these extras
MATLAB Nowadays
Contemporary Communication Systems using Matlab-Proakis and Cc H thng thng tin hin nay trnh by thng qua s dng Matlab-TS nguyen Quoc Binh
MATLAB Nowadays
Practical MATLAB Applications for Engineers-Misza Kalechma
Prerequisite
Electric Circuit 1, 2 Power System Power Supply
References
Gio trnh ng dng Matlab trong K thut in-Nguyn Vinh Quan Matlab 7-Nguyn Vinh Quan Introduction to Matlab: Application to Electrical Engineering-Houssem Rafik El Hana Bouchekara-Umm El Qura University Practical MATLAB Applications for Engineers-Misza Kalechma
References
Gio trnh ng dng Matlab trong K thut in-Nguyn Vinh Quan Matlab 7-Nguyn Vinh Quan Introduction to Matlab: Application to Electrical Engineering-Houssem Rafik El Hana Bouchekara-Umm El Qura University Practical MATLAB Applications for Engineers-Misza Kalechma and ...
Skills achieved after course
Using Matlab software to solve the problems in:

Electrical circuits Laplace transform Distribution system Circuit analysis (Simulink) Modeling and simulation and ....
4 Starting and stopping
To Start
On Windows XP platform select

Start->Programs->Maths and Stats-> MATLAB->MATLAB_local->R2009a->MATLAB R2009a
To stop (nicely)
Select File -> Exit MATLAB

Or type quit in the MATLAB command window
5 The MATLAB interfaces

Menus change depending on the tool you are currently using Use tab to go to Workspace browser Get help View or change current directory
Move Command Window outside of desktop (unlock)
Click Start button for quick access to tools and more
View or execute previously run functions from the Command History Window
Drag the separator bar to resize windows
Enter MATLAB functions at command line prompt
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Command Prompt MATLAB commands are entered here. Command History - Lists all commands previously entered. Workspace Displays any variables created (Matrices, Vectors, Singles, etc.)
Double clicking on a variable in
the Workspace will open an Array Editor. This will give you an Excel-like view of your data.
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Pressing the up arrow in the command window will bring up the last command entered
This saves you time when things go wrong
If you want to bring up a command from some time in the past type the first letter and press the up arrow. The current working directory should be set to a directory of your own
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You can specify certain characteristics for the desktop tools by selecting Preferences from the File menu.
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Desktop Tools?
The tools are: Command Window. Command History. Help Browser. Current Directory Browser. Workspace Browser.
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Desktop Tools?
The tools are: Command Window.
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Desktop Tools?
The tools are: Command Window.
Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.
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Desktop Tools?
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Desktop Tools?
The tools are: Command Window. Command History. Help Lines you Browser. enter in the Command Window logged in the Current are Directory Browser. Command History window. Workspace Browser. In the Command History, you can view previously used functions, and copy and execute selected lines.
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Desktop Tools?
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Desktop Tools?
The tools are: Command Window. Command History. Help Browser. Current Directory Browser. Workspace Browser. To open the Help browser, click the help button in the toolbar, or type helpbrowser in the Command Window.
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Desktop Tools?
The tools are: Command Window. Command History. Help Browser. Current Directory Browser. A Workspace quick way to view or change the Browser. current directory is by using the Current Directory field in the desktop toolbar as shown below.
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Desktop Tools?
The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays) built up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory.
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Desktop Tools?
You add variables to the workspace by using functions, running M-files, and loading saved workspaces.
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To view the workspace and information about each variable, use the Workspace browser, or use the functions who and whos.
Double click a variable to see and change its contents in the Variable Editor
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6 Using MATLAB as a calculator
Table below gives the partial list of commonly used MATLAB operators and special characters used to solve many engineering and science problems.
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7 Creating MATLAB variables
MATLAB variables are created with an assignment statement. The syntax of variable assignment is variable name = a value (or an expression) For example, >> x = expression where expression is a combination of numerical values, mathematical operators, variables, and function calls.
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8 Overwriting variable

Once a variable has been created, it can be reassigned. In addition, if you do not wish to see the intermediate results, you can suppress the numerical output by putting a semicolon (;) at the end of the line. Then the sequence of commands looks like this: >> t = 5; >> t = t+1 t = 6
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9 Error messages

If we enter an expression incorrectly, MATLAB will return an error message. For example, in the following, we left out the multiplication sign, *, in the following expression >> x = 10; >> 5x ??? 5x | Error: Unexpected MATLAB expression.
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10 Making corrections
To make corrections, we can, of course retype the expressions. But if the expression is lengthy, we make more mistakes by typing a second time. A previously typed command can be recalled with the uparrow key . When the command is displayed at the command prompt, it can be modified if needed and executed.
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11 Controlling the hierarchy of operations or precedence
The Table shown the hierarchy of arithmetic operations is given as follows:
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12 Controlling the appearance of floating point number
Use the format function to control the output format of numeric values displayed in the Command Window. MATLAB by default displays only 4 decimals in the result of the calculations, for example 163.6667.
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12 Controlling the appearance of floating point number
However, MATLAB has different formats together with the resulting outputs.
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13 Mathematical functions
MATLAB offers many predefined mathematical functions for technical computing which contains a large set of mathematical functions. There is a long list of mathematical functions that are built into MATLAB. These functions are called built-ins. Many standard mathematical functions, such as sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), ex, ln(x), are evaluated by the functions sin, cos, tan, exp, and log respectively in MATLAB.
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In addition to the elementary functions, MATLAB includes a number of predefined constant values.
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Notes: Only use built-in functions on the right hand side of an expression. Reassigning the value to a built-in function can create problems. There are some exceptions. For example, i and j are preassigned to sqrt(-1). However one or both of i or j are often used as loop indices. To avoid any possible confusion, it is suggested to use instead ii or jj as loop indices.
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14 Basic plotting
Overview Creating simple plots Adding titles, labels, and annotations Multiple data sets in one plot Specifying line styles and colors Copy/Paste Figures Saving Figures
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14 Basic plotting
MATLAB has an excellent set of graphic tools.

Plotting a given data set or the results of computation is possible with very few commands. You are highly encouraged to plot mathematical functions and results of analysis as often as possible. Trying to understand mathematical equations with graphics is an enjoyable and very efficient way of learning mathematics. Being able to plot mathematical functions and data freely is the most important step, and this section is written to assist you to do just that.
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14 Basic plotting
The basic MATLAB graphing procedure, for example in 2D, is to take a vector of xcoordinates, x = (x1, . . . , xN ), and a vector of y-coordinates, y = (y1, . . . , yN ), locate the points (xi, yi), with i = 1, 2, . . . , n and then join them by straight lines. You need to prepare x and y in an identical array form; namely, x and y are both row arrays or column arrays of the same length.
The MATLAB command to plot a graph is plot(x,y). The vectors x = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and y = (3, 1, 2, 4, 5, 1) produce the picture shown in Figure below. >> x = [1 2 3 4 5 6]; >> y = [3 -1 2 4 5 1];
>> plot(x,y)
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14 Basic plotting
The MATLAB command to plot a graph is plot(x,y). The vectors x = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and y = (3, 1, 2, 4, 5, 1) produce the picture shown in Figure below.
>> x = [1 2 3 4 5 6]; >> y = [3 -1 2 4 5 1]; >> plot(x,y)
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14 Basic plotting
Note:
The plot functions has different forms depending on the input arguments. If y is a vector, plot(y) produces a piecewise linear graph of the elements of y versus the index of the elements of y.
If we specify two vectors, as mentioned above, plot(x,y) produces a graph of y versus x.
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14 Basic plotting
For example, to plot the function sin (x) on the interval [0, 2], we first create a vector of x values ranging from 0 to 2, then compute the sine of these values, and finally plot the result:
>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi; >> y = sin(x); >> plot(x,y)
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14 Basic plotting
Notes:
0:pi/100:2*pi yields a vector that starts at 0, takes steps (or increments) of /100, stops when 2 is reached. If you omit the increment, MATLAB automatically increments by 1.
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14 Basic plotting
MATLAB enables you to add axis labels and titles.

For example, using the graph from the previous example, add an x- and y-axis labels. Now label the axes and add a title. The character \pi creates the symbol .
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14 Basic plotting
>> xlabel(x = 0:2\pi)

>> ylabel(Sine of x) >> title(Plot of the Sine function) The color of a single curve is, by default, blue, but other colors are possible. The desired color is indicated by a third argument. For example, red is selected by plot(x,y,r ). Note the single quotes, , around r. More: text(x,y,z, ), legend( ), gtext( )
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14 Basic plotting
Multiple (x, y) pairs arguments create multiple graphs with a single call to plot.
For example, these statements plot three related functions of x: y1 = 2cos(x), y2 = cos(x), and y3 = 0.5*cos(x), in the interval 0 x 2.
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14 Basic plotting
>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y1 = 2*cos(x);
>> y2 = cos(x); >> y3 = 0.5*cos(x); >> plot(x,y1,'--',x,y2,'-',x,y3,':')
>> xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 2\pi')

>> ylabel('Cosine functions') >> legend('2*cos(x)','cos(x)','0.5*cos(x)') >> title('Typical example of multiple plots')
>> axis([0 2*pi -3 3])

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14 Basic plotting
It is possible to specify line styles, colors, and markers (e.g., circles, plus signs, . . . ) using the plot command: plot(x,y,style_color_marker ), where style_color_marker is a triplet of values from Table below.
To find additional information, type help plot or doc plot.
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14 Basic plotting
Specifying the Color and Size of Markers You can also specify other line characteristics using graphics properties (see line for a description of these properties):
LineWidth Specifies the width (in points) of the line. MarkerEdgeColor Specifies the color of the marker or the edge color for filled markers (circle,square, diamond, pentagram, hexagram, and the four triangles). MarkerFaceColor Specifies the color of the face of filled markers. MarkerSize Specifies the size of the marker in units of points.
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14 Basic plotting
For example, these statements, produce the graph of x = -pi:pi/10:pi;
y = tan(sin(x)) - sin(tan(x));
plot(x,y,'--rs','LineWidth',2,... 'MarkerEdgeColor','k',...
'MarkerFaceColor','g',...
'MarkerSize',10)
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14 Basic plotting
Figures can be pasted into other apps (word, ppt, etc) Editcopy optionsfigure copy templateChange font sizes, line properties; presets for word and ppt. Editcopy figure to copy figure. Paste into document of interest.
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14 Basic plotting
More: Grid (on/off), box (on/off), hold (on/off), subplot.... Polar(t,r) Semilogx(x,y), semilogy(x,y), loglog(x,y).
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14 Basic plotting
Ex.: Sin(2t), t=[0:2pi] Archimeder curve: r=2, =[0:4pi] Log(ex)
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14 Basic plotting
More:
Plot3(x, y, z) displays a three-dimensional plot of a set of data points. Mesh(z), surf(z) create a three-dimensional shaded surface from the z components in matrix Z.
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14 Basic plotting
Ex.:

x=sin(t), y=cos(t) (plot3) x=e(-0.005t)sin(t), y=e(-0.005t)cos(t) (plot3) z=x2+y2 (mesh, surf)
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14 Basic plotting
Figures can be saved in many formats. The common ones are given the following figure.
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EXERCISES
Problem 1: Draw z surface in
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EXERCISES
Problem 2: Draw the cylinder z, using mesh and surf function
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15 Working with Matrices

Matrices are the basic elements of the MATLAB environment. A matrix is a two-dimensional array consisting of m rows and n columns. Special cases are column vectors (n = 1) and row vectors (m = 1). The following topics are discussed: vectors and matrices in MATLAB, the inverse of a matrix, determinants, and matrix manipulation. MATLAB supports two types of operations, known as matrix operations and array operations. Matrix operations will be discussed first.
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Entering a vector Entering a matrix Matrix indexing Colon operator Linear spacing Colon operator in a matrix Creating a sub-matrix
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A vector is a special case of a matrix. An array of dimension 1 n is called a row vector, whereas an array of dimension m 1 is called a column vector. The elements of vectors in MATLAB are enclosed by square brackets and are separated by spaces or by commas. For example, to enter a row vector, v, type >> v = 1 4 7 10 13 [1 4 v= 7 10 13]
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Column vectors are created in a similar way, however, semicolon (;) must separate the components of a column vector,
>> w = [1;4;7;10;13] w= 1 4 7 10 13
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On the other hand, a row vector is converted to a column vector using the transpose operator. The transpose operation is denoted by an apostrophe or a single quote ().
>> w = v w= 1 4 7 10 13
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Thus, v(1) is the first element of vector v, v(2) its second element, and so forth. Furthermore, to access blocks of elements, we use MATLABs colon notation (:).
For example, to access the first three elements of v, we write,

Or, all elements from the third through the last elements, >> v(1:3) ans = 1 4 7 >> v(3:end) ans =7 10 13 where end signifies the last element in the vector.
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If v is a vector, writing >> v(:) produces a column vector, whereas writing >> v(1:end) produces a row vector.
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A matrix is an array of numbers. To type a matrix into MATLAB you must begin with a square bracket, [ separate elements in a row with spaces or commas (,) use a semicolon (;) to separate rows end the matrix with another square bracket, ].
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Here is a typical example. To enter a matrix A, such as, type, >> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] MATLAB then displays the 3 3 matrix as follows, A = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Note that the use of semicolons (;) here is different from their use mentioned earlier to suppress output or to write multiple commands in a single line.
Once we have entered the matrix, it is automatically stored and remembered in the Workspace.
We can refer to it simply as matrix A. We can then view a particular element in a matrix by specifying its location. We write,
>> A(2,1)
ans = 4 A(2,1) is an element located in the second row and first column. Its value is 4.
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We select elements in a matrix just as we did for vectors, but now we need two indices.
The element of row i and column j of the matrix A is denoted by A(i,j). Thus, A(i,j) in MATLAB refers to the element Aij of matrix A. The first index is the row number and the second index is the column number.
For example, A(1,3) is an element of first row and third column. Here, A(1,3)=3. Correcting any entry is easy through indexing. Here we substitute A(3,3)=9 by A(3,3)=0. The result is >> A(3,3) = 0 Single elements of a matrix are accessed as A(i,j), where i 1 and j 1. Zero or negative subscripts are not supported in MATLAB.
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The colon operator will prove very useful and understanding how it works is the key to efficient and convenient usage of MATLAB. It occurs in several different forms.
Often we must deal with matrices or vectors that are too large to enter one element at a time.
For example, suppose we want to enter a vector x consisting of points (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, , 5). We can use the command >> x = 0:0.1:5; The row vector has 51 elements.
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On the other hand, there is a command to generate linearly spaced vectors: linspace. It is similar to the colon operator (:), but gives direct control over the number of points. For example, y = linspace(a,b) generates a row vector y of 100 points linearly spaced between and including a and b. y = linspace(a,b,n)
generates a row vector y of n points linearly spaced between and including a and b.
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When we want to divide an interval into a number of sub-intervals of the same length. For example, >> theta = linspace(0,2*pi,101) divides the interval [0, 2] into 100 equal subintervals, then creating a vector of 101 elements.
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The colon operator can also be used to pick out a certain row or column. For example, the statement A(m:n,k:l specifies rows m to n and column k to l. Subscript expressions refer to portions of a matrix. For example, >> A(2,:) ans = 4 5 6 is the second row elements of A.
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The colon operator can also be used to extract a sub-matrix from a matrix A. >> A(:,2:3) ans = 2 3 5 6 8 9 A(:,2:3) is a sub-matrix with the last two columns of A.
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A row or a column of a matrix can be deleted by setting it to a null vector, [ ]. >> A(:,2)=[] ans = 1 3 4 6 7 9
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To extract a submatrix B consisting of rows 2 and 3 and columns 1 and 2 of the matrix A, do the following
>> B = A([2 3],[1 2])

B = 4 5 7 8
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To interchange rows 1 and 2 of A, use the vector of row indices together with the colon operator.
>> C = A([2 1 3],:)

C = 4 5 6 1 2 3 7 8 9
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It is important to note that the colon operator (:) stands for all columns or all rows. To create a vector version of matrix A, do the following
>> A(:)
ans = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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The submatrix comprising the intersection of rows p to q and columns r to s is denoted by A(p:q,r:s).
As a special case, a colon (:) as the row or column specifier covers all entries in that row or column; thus
A(:,j) is the jth column of A, while A(i,:) is the ith row,
A(end,:) picks out the last row of A.

The keyword end, used in A(end,:), denotes the last index in the specified dimension.
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Here are some examples. >> A(2:3,2:3) >> A A= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ans = 5 6 8 9
>> A(end:-1:1,end) ans = 9 6 3
>> A([1 3],[2 3]) ans = 2 3 8 9
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Deleting row or column Dimension Continuation Transposing a matrix Concatenating matrices Matrix generators
To delete a row or column of a matrix, use the empty vector operator, [ ]. >> A(3,:) = [] A = 1 2 3 4 5 6 Third row of matrix A is now deleted.
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To restore the third row, we use a technique for creating a matrix >> A = [A(1,:);A(2,:);[7 8 9]] A= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Matrix A is now restored to its original form.
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To determine the dimensions of a matrix or vector, use the command size. For example, >> size(A) ans = 3 3 means 3 rows and 3 columns. Or more explicitly with, >> [m,n]=size(A)
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If it is not possible to type the entire input on the same line, use consecutive periods, called an ellipsis . . ., to signal continuation, then continue the input on the next line. B=[ 4/5 1/x^2 x-7 7.23*tan(x) 0 sqrt(3) sqrt(6); ... 3/(x*log(x)); ... x*sin(x)];
Note that blank spaces around +, , = signs are optional, but they improve readability.
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The transpose operation is denoted by an apostrophe or a single quote (). It flips a matrix about its main diagonal and it turns a row vector into a column vector. Thus, >> A ans = 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 By using linear algebra notation, the transpose of m n real matrix A is the n m matrix that results from interchanging the rows and columns of A. The transpose matrix is denoted AT
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Matrices can be made up of sub-matrices. Here is an example. First, lets recall our previous matrix A.
A =
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9
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The new matrix B will be, >> B = [A 10*A; -A [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]] B = 1 2 3 10 20 30 4 5 6 40 50 60
7 8 9 70 80 90
-1 -2 -3 1 0 0 -4 -5 -6 0 1 0 -7 -8 -9 0 0 1
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MATLAB provides functions that generate elementary matrices. The matrix of zeros, the matrix of ones, and the identity matrix are returned by the functions zeros, ones, and eye, respectively.
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For a complete list of elementary matrices and matrix manipulations, type help elmat or doc elmat. Here are some examples:
>> b=ones(3,1)
b = 1
1
1
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Equivalently, we can define b as >> b=[1;1;1] >> eye(3) ans = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
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>> c=zeros(2,3) c = 0 0 0 0 0 0
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In addition, it is important to remember that the three elementary operations of addition (+), subtraction (), and multiplication (*) apply also to matrices whenever the dimensions are compatible. Two other important matrix generation functions are rand and randn, which generate matrices of (pseudo-) random numbers using the same syntax as eye.
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In addition, matrices can be constructed in a block form. With C defined by C = [1 2; 3 4], we may create a matrix D as follows
>> D = [C zeros(2); ones(2) eye(2)]

D= 1 2 0 0
3 4 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
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EXERCISES
Problem 1: Enter A=[1 6 3 2 1 3;5 1 0 1 1 8;9 6 7 1 2 5;4 1 5 1 4 1]. Finding: sizeA First row of A. B= two last rows of A. sum(A(:,1)) sum(A(1,:))
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EXERCISES
Problem 2: Enter A=[2 7 9 7; 3 1 5 6; 8 1 2 5], explain the results of:

A A(:,[1 4]) A([2 3],[3 1]) reshape(A,2,6) A(:) [A A(end,:)]
A(1:3,:) [A ; A(1:2,:)] sum(A) sum(A) [[A;sum(A)][sum(A2);sum(A(:))]]
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16 Array operations
MATLAB has two different types of arithmetic operations: matrix arithmetic operations and array arithmetic operations. Matrix arithmetic operations Array arithmetic operations
A+B or B+A is valid if A and B are of The matrix and array operations are the the same size same for addition (+) and subtraction (), A*B is valid if As number of column the character pairs equals Bs number of rows (.+) and (.) are not used. A^2 is valid if A is square and equals A*A *A or A* multiplies each element of A by
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16 Array operations
Summary of matrix and array operations.
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17 Solving linear equations

One of the problems encountered most frequently in scientific computation is the solution of systems of simultaneous linear equations. With matrix notation, a system of simultaneous linear equations is written Ax = b where there are as many equations as unknown. A is a given square matrix of order n, b is a given column vector of n components, and x is an unknown column vector of n components. In linear algebra we learn that the solution to Ax = b can be written as x = A1b, where A1 is the inverse of A.
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For example, consider the following system of linear equations
The coefficient matrix A is
With matrix notation, a system of simultaneous linear equations is written Ax = b This equation can be solved for x using linear algebra. The result is x = A1b.
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There are typically two ways to solve for x in MATLAB:

1. The first one is to use the matrix inverse, inv. >> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0]; >> b = [1; 1; 1]; >> x = inv(A)*b x = -1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000
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There are typically two ways to solve for x in MATLAB:

2. The second one is to use the backslash (\)operator. The numerical algorithm behind this operator is computationally efficient. This is a numerically reliable way of solving system of linear equations by using a well-known process of Gaussian elimination. >> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0]; >> b = [1; 1; 1]; >> x = A\b x = -1.0000 1.0000 -0.0000
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Matrix inverse Matrix functions
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Lets consider the same matrix A.
Calculating the inverse of A manually is probably not a pleasant work. Here the handcalculation of A1 gives as a final result:
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In MATLAB, however, it becomes as simple as the following commands:
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
>> inv(A) ans = -1.7778 0.8889 -0.1111 1.5556 -0.7778 0.2222
-0.1111 0.2222 -0.1111

which is similar to:
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And the determinant of A is
>> det(A)
ans = 27
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MATLAB provides many matrix functions for various matrix/vector manipulations; see Table below for some of these functions. Use the online help of MATLAB to find how to use these functions.
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EXERCISES
Problem 1: Solve the equation Ax=b, in which:
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EXERCISES
Problem 2: Enter x=[3 1 5 7 9 2 6], finding the results of x(3) x(1:7) x(1:end) x(1:end-1) x(6:-2:1) x([1 6 2 1 1]) sum(x)
118
EXERCISES
Problem 3: Draw y1=sinx.cos2x and y2=sinx2, x=[0-2]
119
EXERCISES
Problem 4: Solve the equations below: 2x1+4x2+6x3 2x4 =0 x1+2x2+x3 +2x4=1 2x2+4x3 +2x4=2 3x1- x2+10x4=10
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18 Introduction
to programming in MATLAB
The commands entered in the Command Window cannot be saved and executed again for several times. Therefore, a different way of executing repeatedly commands with MATLAB is: 1. to create a file with a list of commands, 2. save the file, and 3. run the file. If needed, corrections or changes can be made to the commands in the file. The files that are used for this purpose are called script files or scripts for short. This section covers the following topics: 1. M-File Scripts 2. M-File Functions
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB statements. Script files have a filename extension .m and are often called M-files. M-files can be scripts that simply execute a series of MATLAB statements, or they can be functions that can accept arguments and can produce one or more outputs.
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
A script file is an external file that As mentioned earlier, functions contains a sequence of MATLAB are programs (or routines ) that statements. accept input arguments and return output arguments. Script files have a filename extension .m and are often called Each M-file function (or function M-files. or M-file for short) has its own area of workspace, separated from M-files can be scripts that simply the MATLAB base workspace. execute a series of MATLAB statements, or they can be functions that can accept arguments and can produce one or more outputs.
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
function [ output_args ] = untitled5( input_args ) % UNTITLED5 Summary of this function goes here % Detailed explanation goes here end
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
Example 1: Consider the system of equations:
Find the solution x to the system of equations. Solution:
Use the MATLAB editor to create a file: File New M-file.

Enter the following statements in the file: A = [1 2 3; 3 3 4; 2 3 3];
b = [1; 1; 2];
x = A\b
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
Save the file, for example, example1.m. Run the file, in the command line, by typing:
>> example1
x = -0.5000
1.5000
-0.5000
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
Save the file, for example, example1.m. Run the file, in the command line, by typing:
>> example1
x = -0.5000
1.5000
-0.5000
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
Example 2: Plot the following cosine functions, y1 = 2 cos(x), y2 = cos(x), and y3 = 0.5 cos(x), in the interval 0 x 2. This example has been presented in previous Chapter. Here we put the commands in a file.
Create a file, say example2.m, which contains the following commands:

x = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y1 = 2*cos(x); xlabel(0 \leq x \leq 2\pi) ylabel(Cosine functions)
y2 = cos(x);
y3 = 0.5*cos(x); plot(x,y1,--,x,y2,-,x,y3,:)
legend(2*cos(x),cos(x),0.5*cos(x))
title(Typical example of multiple plots) axis([0 2*pi -3 3])
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18 Introduction
function f = factorial(n)
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
This simple function shows the basic parts of an M-file.
% FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N.

% Compute a factorial value. f = prod(1:n);
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
The first line of a function M-file starts with the keyword function. It gives the function name and order of arguments.
In the case of function factorial, there are up to one output argument and one input argument.
function f = factorial(n) % FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N. % Compute a factorial value. f = prod(1:n);
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
In addition, it is important to note that function name must begin with a letter, and must be no longer than the maximum of 63 characters. Furthermore, the name of the text file that you save will consist of the function name with the extension .m. Thus, the above example file would be factorial.m. function f = factorial(n) % FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N.
% Compute a factorial value.

f = prod(1:n);
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18 Introduction
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
In addition, it is important to note that function name must begin with a letter, and must be no longer than the maximum of 63 characters. Furthermore, the name of the text file that you save will consist of the function name with the extension .m. Thus, the above example file would be factorial.m. function f = factorial(n) % FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N.
% Compute a factorial value.

f = prod(1:n);
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18 Introduction
Ex:
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
Write a function that can calculate the area S of a triangle whose sides have lengths a, b and c.
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18 Introduction
Ex:
M-File functions
M-File Scripts
Write a function that can calculate the average value of all elements.
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19 Control flow
MATLAB is also a programming language. Like other computer programming languages, MATLAB has some decision making structures for control of command execution. These decision making or control flow structures include for loops, while loops, and if-else-end constructions. Control flow structures are often used in script M-files and function Mfiles. By creating a file with the extension .m, we can easily write and run programs. We do not need to compile the program since MATLAB is an interpretative (not compiled) language. MATLAB has thousand of functions, and you can add your own using m-files.
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19 Control flow
The if...end structure Relational and logical operators The for...end loop The while...end loop Other flow structures Operator precedence
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19 Control flow
MATLAB supports the variants of if construct. if ... end if ... else ... end if ... elseif ... else ... end The simplest form of the if statement is if expression statements end
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19 Control flow
Here are some examples based on the familiar quadratic formula. Example 1 discr = b*b - 4*a*c; if discr < 0 disp(Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are imaginary); end
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19 Control flow
Here are some examples based on the familiar quadratic formula. Example 2 discr = b*b - 4*a*c; if discr < 0 disp(Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are imaginary); else disp(Roots are real, but may be repeated) end
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19 Control flow
Here are some examples based on the familiar quadratic formula. Example 3 discr = b*b - 4*a*c; if discr < 0 disp(Warning: discriminant is negative, roots are imaginary) elseif discr == 0 disp(Discriminant is zero, roots are repeated) else disp(Roots are real) end
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19 Control flow
It should be noted that: elseif has no space between else and if (one word) no semicolon (;) is needed at the end of lines containing if, else, end indentation of if block is not required, but facilitate the reading. the end statement is required
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19 Control flow
It should be noted that: elseif has no space between else and if (one word) no semicolon (;) is needed at the end of lines containing if, else, end indentation of if block is not required, but facilitate the reading. the end statement is required
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19 Control flow
In each of the following questions, evaluate the given MATLAB code fragments for each of the cases indicated. Use MATLAB to check your answers. 1. if n > 1 a. n = 7 m = ? m = n+1 b. n = 0 m = ? else c. n = -10 m = ? m=n-1 end ans.
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19 Control flow
In each of the following questions, evaluate the given MATLAB code fragments for each of the cases indicated. Use MATLAB to check your answers.
2. if z < 5 w = 2*z elseif z < 10 w=9-z elseif z < 100 w = sqrt(z) else w=z end ans. a. z = 1 w = ? b. z = 9 w = ? c. z = 60 w = ? d. z = 200 w = ?
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19 Control flow
In each of the following questions, evaluate the given MATLAB code fragments for each of the cases indicated. Use MATLAB to check your answers. 3. if T < 10 a. T = 50 h = ? h = 2*T + 1 b. T = 15 h = ? elseif T < 30 c. T = 0 h = ? h=T-2 else h=0 end ans.
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19 Control flow
In each of the following questions, evaluate the given MATLAB code fragments for each of the cases indicated. Use MATLAB to check your answers. 4. if I == J a. I = 1, J=2 A = ? A(I,J) = 2; b. I = 3, J=5 A = ? elseif abs(I-J) == 1 A(I,J) = -1; c. I = 5, J=2 A = ? else A(I,J) = 0; d. I = 3, J=2 A = ? end ans.
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19 Control flow
Write brief scripts to evaluate the following functions. If you start each script with a request for input (using input), you'll be able to test that your code provides the correct results. 5. h(T) = T - 10 = 0.45 T + 900 Test cases: when 0 < T < 100 when T > 100
a. T = 5, h = -5 b. T = 110, h = 949.5
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19 Control flow
Write brief scripts to evaluate the following functions. If you start each script with a request for input (using input), you'll be able to test that your code provides the correct results. 6. f(x) = -1 =0 =1 if x < 0 if x = 0 if x > 0
Compare your results to the MATLAB function sign.
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19 Control flow
Write brief scripts to evaluate the following functions. If you start each script with a request for input (using input), you'll be able to test that your code provides the correct results.
7. t(y) = 200 = 200 + 0.1 (y - 10,000) = 1,200 + 0.15 (y - 20,000) = 5,700 + 0.25 (y - 50,000) when y is below 10,000 when y is between 10,000 and 20,000 when y is between 20,000 and 50,000 when y is above 50,000
Test cases:
a. y = 5,000 t = 200 b. y = 17,000 t = 900 c. y = 25,000 t = 1,950 d y = 75,000 t = 11,950

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19 Control flow
A relational operator compares two numbers by determining whether a comparison is true or false. Relational operators are shown in Table below:
151
19 Control flow
In the for ... end loop, the execution of a command is repeated at a fixed and predetermined number of times. The syntax is for variable = expression statements
end
152
19 Control flow
Usually, expression is a vector of the form i:s:j. A simple example of for loop is for ii=1:5 x=ii*ii
end
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19 Control flow
The following statements form the 5-by-5 symmetric matrix A with (i, j) element i/j for j i: n = 5; A = eye(n); for j=2:n for i=1:j-1 A(i,j)=i/j; A(j,i)=i/j; end end
154
19 Control flow
Ex: Plot the curve y=sin(n. .x) with -1 x
1 and n = 1, 2, ...8.
155
19 Control flow
While...end loop is used when the number of passes is not specified. The looping continues until a stated condition is satisfied. The while loop has the form: while expression
statements
end
156
19 Control flow
The statements are executed as long as expression is true. x=1 while x <= 10 x = 3*x end
157
19 Control flow
It is important to note that if the condition inside the looping is not well defined, the looping will continue indefinitely. If this happens, we can stop the execution by pressing Ctrl-C.
158
19 Control flow
Ex1: Finding the largest value of n such that the sum (12 n2 ) below 100?
22
32
...
159
19 Control flow
Ex2: Finding the sum of A=1+1/2+1/3+..+1/n, n is the number you enter
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19 Control flow
The break statement. A while loop can be terminated with the break statement, which passes control to the first statement after the
corresponding end. The break statement can also be used to exit a for loop. Ex: Lets suppose now you are asked to calculate value of k^2-50 for all integers in [-10,10] domain but only until k^2-50 becomes negative.
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19 Control flow
The continue statement can also be used to exit a for loop to pass immediately to the next iteration of the loop, skipping the remaining statements in the loop. Ex: Lets suppose now you are asked to calculate and print value of k^250 for all integers in [-10,10] domain but only if (k^2-50) is positive.
162
19 Control flow
Other control statements include return, switch, disp, error,
keyboard, etc.
For more detail about these commands, consul
MATLAB documentation.
163
19 Control flow
Exercise 1: Write a program in which you can enter n (n>=0) so that it can include these cases as follows: a) If n<0 it will inform that you enter a wrong number b) If n>0 and odd number export the sum s1=1+3+5+...+n c) If n>0 and even number export the sum s2=2+4+6+...+n d) If n=0 stop the program.
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19 Control flow
Exercise 2: Write a program in which you can enter 2 number and then, it can compare them.
165
19 Control flow
We can build expressions that use any combination of arithmetic, relational, and logical operators. Precedence rules determine the order in which MATLAB evaluates an expression.
166
19 Control flow
Precedence rules determine the order in which MATLAB evaluates an expression.
167

Introduction To Matlab Application To Electrical Engineering Part II

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Introduction to MATLAB

Dr. Mi Sa Nguyen University of Technical Education HCM city dalat1984@yahoo.com

Integer, real and complex numbers Vectors and matrices Structures

Notes C for MS-DOS

MATLAB 4 MATLAB 4.2c

MATLAB 7.3 R2006b

MATLAB 7.5 R2007b

MATLAB 7.6 R2008a

MATLAB 7.7 R2008b

2009 MATLAB 7.9 R2009b

MATLAB 7.9.1 R2009bSP1 2010

MATLAB 7.10 R2010a

MATLAB R2010bSP1 7.11.1 MATLAB 7.12 R2011a

MATLAB 8.1 R2013a

Built-in Functionality includes

Add-on toolboxes provide*

Practical MATLAB Applications for Engineers-Misza Kalechma

Electric Circuit 1, 2 Power System Power Supply

Skills achieved after course

Using Matlab software to solve the problems in:

4 Starting and stopping

On Windows XP platform select

Select File -> Exit MATLAB

5 The MATLAB interfaces

Move Command Window outside of desktop (unlock)

Click Start button for quick access to tools and more

Drag the separator bar to resize windows

Enter MATLAB functions at command line prompt

5 The MATLAB interfaces

Double clicking on a variable in

5 The MATLAB interfaces

This saves you time when things go wrong

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

5 The MATLAB interfaces

6 Using MATLAB as a calculator

7 Creating MATLAB variables

11 Controlling the hierarchy of operations or precedence

The Table shown the hierarchy of arithmetic operations is given as follows:

12 Controlling the appearance of floating point number

12 Controlling the appearance of floating point number

MATLAB has an excellent set of graphic tools.

If we specify two vectors, as mentioned above, plot(x,y) produces a graph of y versus x.

MATLAB enables you to add axis labels and titles.

>> xlabel(x = 0:2\pi)

>> xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 2\pi')

>> axis([0 2*pi -3 3])

For example, these statements, produce the graph of x = -pi:pi/10:pi;

Ex.: Sin(2t), t=[0:2pi] Archimeder curve: r=2, =[0:4pi] Log(ex)

x=sin(t), y=cos(t) (plot3) x=e(-0.005t)sin(t), y=e(-0.005t)cos(t) (plot3) z=x2+y2 (mesh, surf)

Problem 1: Draw z surface in

Problem 2: Draw the cylinder z, using mesh and surf function

15 Working with Matrices