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Harmonics in Power Systems
and
Electrical Power Quality


Supply
Voltage
Linear
Load
Supply
Impedance
Normal Operating Conditions
Supply
Current
PCC
V
PCC

+
-


Frequency - 50Hz/60Hz

Voltage - magnitude, variation, flicker, dips,
interruptions (short or long), overvoltage,
unbalance

Harmonics - voltage and/or current
Subharmonics
What is Power Quality?


Noise
Sags
Surges
Types of Disturbances


Spikes /
Transients
Frequency
Variation
Outages /
Blackouts
Types of Disturbances (Cont.)




Supply
Voltage
Linear
Load
Supply
Impedance
Normal Operating Conditions
Supply
Current
PCC
V
PCC

+
-


Supply
Voltage
Nonlinear
Load
Supply
Impedance
Nonlinear Operating Conditions
PCC
Supply
Current
V
PCC

+
-


inverters &
high-frequency
lighting
switched-mode
power supplies
supply impedance
variable-speed
ac/dc drive
systems
uninterruptible
power supply
systems
Types of Loads


Harmonics from Arc Furnaces


Computer Load


Phase A (50Amps)
Phase B (50Amps)
Phase C (50Amps)
Neutral (80Amps)
Harmonics of Computer Load


Computer Load in Sleep Mode


Voltage Waveforms in Residential
Areas


Voltage Distortion from Thristor
controlled loads



Transformer saturation
Mains voltage flickering
Incorrect operation of voltage sensitive devices
Malfunction of protective relaying systems
Electromagnetic interference
Shorter life of insulation
Effects of Harmonics


Effects of other disturbances




Tools for harmonic analysis
t n b t n a
a
t f
n
n
n
n 0
1
0
1
0
sin cos
2
) ( e + e + =


=

=
T
f
t
= t = e
2
2
0 0
Define , called the fundamental angular frequency.
0
e = e n
n
Define , called the n-th harmonic of the periodic function.
t b t a
a
t f
n
n
n n
n
n
e + e + =


=

=
sin cos
2
) (
1 1
0


dt t f
T
a
T t
t
}
+
=
0
0
) (
2
0
, 2 , 1 cos ) (
2
0
0
0
= e =
}
+
n tdt n t f
T
a
T t
t
n
, 2 , 1 sin ) (
2
0
0
0
= e =
}
+
n tdt n t f
T
b
T t
t
n




t b t a
a
t f
n
n
n n
n
n
e + e + =


=

=
sin cos
2
) (
1 1
0
) sin cos (
2
1
0
t b t a
a
n n n
n
n
e + e + =

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
+
+ e
+
+ + =
1
2 2 2 2
2 2
0
sin cos
2
n
n
n n
n
n
n n
n
n n
t
b a
b
t
b a
a
b a
a
( )

=
e u + e u + + =
1
2 2
0
sin sin cos cos
2
n
n n n n n n
t t b a
a
) cos(
1
0 n
n
n n
t C C u e + =

=


) cos( ) (
1
0 n
n
n n
t C C t f u e + =

=
2
0
0
a
C =
2 2
n n n
b a C + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= u

n
n
n
a
b
1
tan
harmonic amplitude phase angle


Even Functions


Odd Functions
) ( ) ( t f t f =
) ( ) ( t f t f =


Half-Wave Symmetry
) ( ) ( T t f t f + =
and
( ) 2 / ) ( T t f t f + =
T T/2 T/2


Quarter-Wave Symmetry
Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry
T T/2 T/2
Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry
T
T/2
T/2


Fourier Coefficients of Even Functions
) ( ) ( t f t f =
t n a
a
t f
n
n 0
1
0
cos
2
) ( e + =

=
}
e =
2 /
0
0
) cos( ) (
4
T
n
dt t n t f
T
a


Fourier Coefficients of Odd Functions
) ( ) ( t f t f =
t n b t f
n
n 0
1
sin ) ( e =

=
}
e =
2 /
0
0
) sin( ) (
4
T
n
dt t n t f
T
b


Tools for analysis of harmonics


Fourier Coefficients for Half-Wave Symmetry
) ( ) ( T t f t f + =
and
( ) 2 / ) ( T t f t f + =
) sin cos ( ) (
1
0 0

=
e + e =
n
n n
t n b t n a t f

e
=
}
odd for ) cos( ) (
4
even for 0
2 /
0
0
n dt t n t f
T
n
a
T
n

e
=
}
odd for ) sin( ) (
4
even for 0
2 /
0
0
n dt t n t f
T
n
b
T
n


Fourier Coefficients for
Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry
T T/2 T/2
] ) 1 2 cos[( ) (
0
1
1 2
t n a t f
n
n
e =

=

}
e =

4 /
0
0 1 2
] ) 1 2 cos[( ) (
8
T
n
dt t n t f
T
a


Fourier Coefficients for
Odd Quarter-Wave Symmetry
] ) 1 2 sin[( ) (
0
1
1 2
t n b t f
n
n
e =

=

}
e =

4 /
0
0 1 2
] ) 1 2 sin[( ) (
8
T
n
dt t n t f
T
b
T
T/2
T/2


Example
Even Quarter-Wave Symmetry
}
e =

4 /
0
0 1 2
] ) 1 2 cos[( ) (
8
T
n
dt t n t f
T
a
}
e =
4 /
0
0
] ) 1 2 cos[(
8
T
dt t n
T
4 /
0
0
0
] ) 1 2 sin[(
) 1 2 (
8
T
t n
T n
e
e
=
t
=

) 1 2 (
4
) 1 (
1
n
n
T
T/2 T/2
1
1
T T/4 T/4
|
.
|

\
|
+ e + e e
t
= t t t t f
0 0 0
5 cos
5
1
3 cos
3
1
cos
4
) (


Symmetrical Components


Power Quality Indices




Powers in Sinusoidal Single-
phase systems
Consider an
RL circuit
the relationship
between the various
forms of power can
be illustrated using
a power triangle






Powers in Sinusoidal-Balanced
Three-phase systems


In balanced and three-phase systems :
- Total active power is the sum of the active
powers drawn by all three phases,
- Total reactive power is the sum of the
reactive powers drawn by all three phases,
- Vector sum of total active and reactive
powers gives the total apparent power.




Major power resolutions in
nonsinusoidal single-phase systems
Budeanus power resolution,
Fryzes power resolution,
Kusters & Moores power resolution,
IEEE std. 1459-2010 power resolution,



Budeanus power resolution:


Fryzes power resolution:


Kuster & Moores resolution:


IEEE std. 1459s power resolution:


Arithmetic apparent power,
Vector apparent power,
IEEE std. 1459 apparent power,
DIN std. 40110 apparent power
Major power definitions in
nonsinusoidal and unbalanced three-
phase systems


Arithmetic apparent power:


Vector apparent power:


IEEE std. 1459 apparent power:




DIN std. 40110 apparent power:


Analysis of nonsinusoidal and
unbalanced systems


Modelling for frequency domain
analysis
Linear loads are modelled as an impedance.
Source side is modelled as Thevenin
euivalent.
Nonlinear loads are represented for the
harmonics without fundamental one using
several models. Widely used models are
Constant Current source and Norton
equivalent.


Kaynak taraf her harmonik iin Thevenin
edeeri biiminde modellenir.
Dorusal olmayan yani harmonik reten
ykler iin ok eitli modeller mevcuttur:
- Sabit Akm Kayna,
- Norton Edeer Devre,
- apraz Frekans Admitta




Norton model is obtained by using below
mentioned expressions:


Examplary analysis of a
nonsinusoidal and balanced
system: