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Deployment of Sputnik and its Doppler Shift Doppler Data and the Birth of the Transit System and Timation System Early GPS Today GPS
Richard Stewart
Doppler Data and the Birth of the Transit System and Timation System
Under the direction of Dr. Richard Kirschner, the John Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory created the Transit. Transit was conceived in the late 1950s and deployed in the mid-1960s Transit was the first operational satellite-based navigation system which included seven low-altitude (1075 km) polarorbiting satellites In Transit 1. a satellite broadcasted radio signals 2.the ground stations tracked the satellite 3. facilities updated satellite orbital parameters The result- transit users determined their position on earth by measuring the Doppler shift signals transmitted by the satellites
Transit
Developed to provide accurate navigation data for Polaris missile submarines and other ships at the ocean surface The way it worked
Doppler-shifted signals enabled a determination of the orbit using data recorded at one site during a single pass of the satellite. So if a satellites orbit was known, a radio receivers position could be determined from the same Doppler measurements. Unlike the Doppler data used to track the Sputnik satellite, Transit satellites could be precisely determined by tracking them at widely spaced fixed sites.
A satellite had a 107 min. period of revolutionunder favorable conditions accuracy was between 35 and 100m.
Negatives
Large gaps in coverage
unavailable coverage measuring up to several hours To compensate, users had to interpolate (to estimate a value of a function between two known values) their positions between passes. Users had to compensate for their velocity Weather conditions could disrupt signal
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Negatives cont.
The process was slow and required long observation time Only provided two-dimensional positioning Transit was not efficient for the more high velocity technology (aircrafts, missiles, etc.) being developed by the military
Nevertheless, the Transit system continued to be used until 1996 after about 33 years of service.
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Timation
Timation was a spacedbased navigation system technology program that was developed in 1964 by the Navy. Advanced the development of the stability of clocks (time precision), time-transfer, and two-dimensional navigation. 1967- First Timation satellite launched
Timation Models
The first satellite used a very stable quartzcrystal oscillators Later models incorporated the first atomic frequency stability
Atomic clocks have better frequency stability than earlier clocks=better prediction of satellite orbits
Timation Contribution
Development in the atomic clock for satellite navigation The last two Timation satellites were used as GPS prototypes
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System 621B
Around the same time the Navy was developing Timation, the Air Force worked with a design concept using a similar technology program called System 621B. Biggest Improvement- 3 dimensional navigation!!! (latitude, longitude, and altitude) By 1972, the system was using a certain type of satellite ranging signal called pseudorandom noise (PRN)
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System 621B
System originated at the Aerospace Corporation in 1963 developed for precise positioning of aircrafts By Oct. 1963, System 621B was successful enough to get Air Force supporting and funding Around 1972, ran a series or aircraft tests in New Mexico using a ground and air transmitters to simulate satellitesresult
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Military Division
By the late 1960s, the U.S. Navy, Air Force, and Army worked independently on radio navigation systems that would provide all-weather, 24-hour coverage, and accuracies that would enhance the military capabilities of their respective forces. John Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory-Transit Naval Research Laboratory-Timation Army-SECOR (Sequential Correlation of Range)
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Military Unity
1968-Department of Defense steps in creates a joint tri-service committee called the NAVSEG (Navigation Satellite Executive Group) What NAVSEG had to determine?
How many satellites? What altitude? What would be the signal codes What would be the modulation techniques Cost
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Early GPS
September 1973, a system was developed combining early Navy and Air Force programs called NAVSTAR GPS
System merged System 621B and Timation technology
Satellites orbits were based on Timation but would have a higher altitude. Signal structure and frequencies were based on System 621B Satellites would use atomic clocks
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Block I satellites were being tested for on aircraft, helicopter, ships, trucks, jeeps, and even by men using 25-pound backpacks.
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Increased the interest in the program by stressing that GPS could increase bombing accuracy
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Block II Satellites
With a renew interest by the Secretary of Defense, Block II satellites were developed and launched in Feb. 1989 Operational by April 1989/created Rockwell International
Improvements
Full selective availability/ advanced system securities Improved reliability and survivability
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3rd Phase
Launch of the Block II/IIA/IIR and finally IIR combining up to 33 satellites (including spares) to consist of our new GPS. GPS today uses 24 satellites and numerous ground stations
LAND
SEA
AIR
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Able to get quick accurate readings no matter the weather condition, time of day, or velocity
Bibliography
Steven R. Strom Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/01.html History of GPS http://www.bugclub.org/beginners/history/gps.html Mary Bellis Global Positioning System - GPS http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blgps.htm Robert A. Nelson The Global Positioning System Via Satellite, November 1999 http://www.aticourses.com/global_positioning_system.htm Sam Wormleys DGPS Resources Differential GPS (DGPS) http://www.eduobservatory.org/gps/dgps.html J.A. Murray and R.L. Beard Space Navigation and Time 1985 http://ncstwww.nrl.navy.mil/NCSTOrigin/Timation.html Bradford Parkinson and Ronald Beard A History of Satellite Navigation 1995 http://ncst-www.nrl.navy.mil/NCSTOrigin/Timation.html Navigation Satellites & GPS http://www.vectorsite.net/ttgps.html
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