Photography

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Photography Morphology
Comes from 2 ancient Greek words: Photo = light Graph = draw or write Photography = light writing

Camera obscura = darkroom

Chemicals Silver salts turns dark under exposure

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The Chinese were the first people that we know of to write about the basic idea of the pinhole camera or "camera obscura" (Latin words meaning "dark room"). About 2,500 years ago (5th Century B.C.) they wrote about how an image was formed upside down on a wall from a pinhole on the opposite wall.

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In the 1500s many artists, including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, used the "camera obscura" to help them draw pictures.

The camera obscura was made portable by the 1700s by putting it in a box with a pinhole on one side and a glass screen on the other. Artists soon discovered that they could obtain an even sharper image by using a small lens in place of the pinhole.

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In 1727 a German professor, Johann Heinrich Schulze, observed that silver salts darkened when exposed to light. But the idea of making pictures using this information did not occur to him.

For the birth of photography to happen two key discoveries were still needed: a way to combine light-sensitive material with the camera obscura device and a way to make an image permanent.

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The birth of photography happened in 1826 when a French scientist, Joseph Nicephore Niepce,
Daguerre found that the chemical compound silver iodide was much more sensitive to light than Niepce's bitumen. He put a copper plate coated with silver iodide in a camera obscura, exposed this plate to light for a short time, then to fumes of mercury and an image appeared.

The solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 is the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse, using the daguerreotype process.

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William Henry Fox Talbot

British inventor and pioneer of photography.
Invented the negative-to-positive process in the late 1800s.

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George Eastman
American inventor. Founded the Kodak company. Invented Rolled Film in 1888.

The Brownie

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Oscar Barnack
German engineer Invented the 35mm camera

Invented in 1913, the 35mm Camera takes 35mm roll film. In 1935 color film was invented, so people had the option of shooting in black and white, or in color.
The 35mm camera allowed customers to have more control over the photos they took, because they could now control the focus, and mechanics of the camera.

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Edwin Herbert Land

American scientist and inventor. Coined the phrase Instant Photography

Released the Polaroid in 1948, which developed a photo in one minute.

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Digital Cameras

In 1981, Sony introduced the first digital camera to the public. The Sony Mavica recorded images onto a mini disc, which was then put into a video reader that was connected to a t.v. or printer.

Technically, it wasnt the first digital camera, because it was a video camera that took stills. However, it began the digital camera revolution.

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Digital Cameras Today

Todays digital cameras encompass all the improvements cameras have made along the way.

Todays digital cameras:

are affordable are very portable are easy to use offer high quality images yield instant results

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Two Types of Cameras

Point and Shoot (P&S) The viewfinder provides a rough idea of what is in view, but not the real image. Great for capturing memories Single Lens Reflex (SLR) You see the actual image that will be exposed onto the film. Great for capturing images with real impact Provides more control and better images than P&S.

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SLR Demonstration

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Camera Basics
Exposure (how much light is seen, how much the aperture is open) Shutter Speed (how long the light is seen in the aperture)

Resolution

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HIGHER Exposure (i.e. 32)

ADVANTAGES Increased depth of field, i.e. image background is not blurry DISADVANTAGES Needs more light, i.e. slower shutter speed.

LOWER Exposure(i.e. F1.8) ADVANTAGES Lets plenty of light in! Better to use in darker settings. Less blurry since faster shutter speed may be needed to compensate for more light. DISADVANTAGES No depth of field, i.e. background of image likely out of focus.

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SHUTTER SPEED
MEASURES HOW LONG LIGHT IS LET INTO THE FILM/CAMERA Common values include sec, 1/8 second, 1/1000 second etc Shorter time means less time for light to get into the camera Shorter time reduces blurriness
FASTER SPEED ADVANTAGES Reduces blurriness as image is seen only briefly DISADVANTAGES Less time for light to enter camera Requires bright conditions

SLOWER SPEED ADVANTAGES Great for darker conditions DISADVANTAGES Increased chance of blurriness Often requires a tripod be used for steadiness.

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Resolution:
Number of pixels captured by the image sensor.

Higher Resolution Image 300 ppi

Lower Resolution Image 72 ppi

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Tips and tricks

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To begin with
Photography is about telling a story. Good photographers use an image to make a point without words. People remember pictures of events long after they remember the actual event or the words that were spoken.

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Tip One: Use the Rule of Thirds

View your pictures as a grid and make sure that the subject of your picture is at one or more of the intersecting lines.

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Tip Two: Look your subject in the eye

Take a photograph of a person, animal or object from its eye level, not yours.
This means get on the ground, get up high, and be constantly on the move with your subject.

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Tip Three: Simplify your background

Keep your photo free of clutter. Keep backgrounds simple and plain. Avoid having extra people or subjects in your photo. By keeping the background clean and simple, you create an automatic focal point for your picture.

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Tip Four: Alter your camera angle

Take vertical pictures. Shoot holding your camera at an angle. Get above and below your subject for effect. Play with wide angle and zoom options.

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Tip Five: Move in closethen get closer

Macro photography is always appealing to the eye.

Close-up photographs are generally more interesting.

Make your subject fill the entire frame of your picture. If not possible Zoom.

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General Camera Tips

Digital is easier and faster Have a backup memory card for every event (precautionary) 4-6 megapixels is all you really need Back-up photos regularly Avoid cropping as much as possible Shoot with optical zoom rather than digital zoom. For rainy season buy a camera cover or always keep plastic bag for protecting the body and a clean handerkerchief for cleaning the lens.

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Practice, Practice, Practice

Experiment with lighting Experiment with different color backgrounds Experiment with different angles Have fun Read your manual Take lots of pictures

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Thank You