PHYSICS CHAPTER 3

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CHAPTER 3:
Momentum
and Impulse
(2 Hours)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Learning Outcome:
3.1 Momentum and Impulse (1 hour)
Define momentum.
Define impulse J = Ft and use F-t graph
to determine impulse.
Use
p J A =
At the end of this chapter, students should
be able to:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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3.1 Momentum and Impulse
Momentum
is defined as the product between mass and
velocity.
is a vector quantity.
Equation :

The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s
-1
.
The direction of the momentum is the same as
the direction of the velocity.
v m p

=
x
p
p

y
p
u
mv p p
x
cos cos = =
mv p p
y
sin sin = =
Momentum can be
resolve into
vertical (y)
component &
horizontal (x)
component.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Impulse,
Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time
interval (collision), thus the Newtons 2
nd
law can be written as







is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t
OR the change of momentum.
is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
constant force on the object.
J

constant = = =

dt
p d
F F



1 2
p p p d dt F J


= = =
momentum final :
2
p

where
momentum initial :
1
p

force impulsive : F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s
1
.
If the force acts on the object is not constant then




Since impulse and momentum are both vector quantities, then
it is often easiest to use them in component form :
dt F dt F J
av
t
t

= =
}
2
1
where
force impulsive average :
av
F

( ) ( )
x x x 1 x 2
x
av x
u v m p p dt F J = = =
( ) ( )
y y y 1 y 2
y
av y
u v m p p dt F J = = =
( ) ( )
z z z 1 z 2
z
av z
u v m p p dt F J = = =
consider 2-D
collision only
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against
time, t graph is given by the Figure 3.1.
1
t
2
t
Figure 3.1
t
0
F
Shaded area under the Ft graph = impulse
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 3.1
A car of mass 800 kg is travelling at 25
m/s. Find the constant force needed to
stop it in 4 seconds.
Solution
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of 100
ms
1
and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s
1
in the opposite
direction.
a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the wall,
b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the
magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.
Solution :
Example 3.2 :
Wall (2)
1
1
s m 100

=
1
u
1
1
s m 70

=
1
v
0 = =
2 2
u v
kg 0.20
1
= m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Solution :
a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,





Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s.

b. Given the contact time,
1 2
p p dp J = =
N 3400 =
av
F
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g
struck by a racket is shown in Figure 3.2. Determine
a. the impulse delivered to the ball,
b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is
being served so it is nearly at rest initially.
Exercise 3.1 :
0.2 1.8
( ) ms t
0
( ) kN F
1.0
18
Figure 3.2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
State the principle of conservation of linear
momentum.
State the conditions for elastic and inelastic
collisions.
Apply the principle of conservation of
momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions.
Learning Outcome:
3.2 Conservation of linear momentum and impulse
(1 hour)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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3.2 Principle of conservation of linear momentum
states In an isolated (closed) system, the total
momentum of that system is constant.
OR
When the net external force on a system is zero,
the total momentum of that system is constant.

In a Closed system,


From the Newtons second law, thus





0 = =

dt
p d
F

0 =

0 = p d

PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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According to the principle of conservation of
linear momentum, we obtain

OR
The total of initial momentum = the total of final momentum

=
f i
p p

constant = p

constant =
x
p
constant =
y
p
Therefore
then
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Elastic collision
is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy
(as well as total momentum) of the system is the
same before and after the collision.
Figure 3.4 shows the head-on collision of two billiard
balls.

1 2
Before collision
At collision
After collision
1 2
2 2
u m
1 1
u m
1 2
2 2
v m
1 1
v m
Figure 3.3
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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The properties of elastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, e = 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.


c. The total kinetic energy is conserved.

OR

=
f i
p p


=
f i
K K
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
v m v m u m u m
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
+ = +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Inelastic (non-elastic) collision
is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the
system is not the same before and after the collision
(even though the total momentum of the system is
conserved).
Figure 3.4 shows the model of a completely inelastic
collision of two billiard balls.

1 2
At collision
After collision
(stick together)
1 2
v
Figure 3.4
Before collision 1 2
1 1
u m
0 =
2
u
2
m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Caution:
Not all the inelastic collision is stick together.
In fact, inelastic collisions include many situations in which
the bodies do not stick.
The properties of inelastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, 0 s e < 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.


c. The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some
of the energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is
transferred away by means of sound or heat. But the total
energy is conserved.

OR

=
f i
p p


=
f i
E E
energy losses + =
f i
K K
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Elastic versus inelastic collision
Elastic collision Inelastic collision
e = 1
Coefficient of
resituition
0 s e<1

Momentum




Kinetic
energy




18

=
f i
p p


=
f i
p p


=
f i
K K
energy losses + =
f i
K K
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Linear momentum in one dimension collision
Example 3.3 :



Figure 3.5 shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with object B of
mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed of 2 m s
-1
to the left.
Determine the velocity of A after Collision.
Solution :
1
s m 6

=
A
u
A
B
1
s m 3

=
B
u
Figure 3.5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Linear momentum in two dimension collision
Example 3.4 :






A tennis ball of mass m
1
moving with initial velocity u
1

collides with a soccer ball of mass m
2
initially at rest. After
the collision, the tennis ball is deflected 50 from its initial
direction with a velocity v
1
as shown in figure 3.6.
Suppose that m
1
= 250 g, m
2
= 900 g, u
1
= 20 m s
1
and v
1

= 4 m s
1
. Calculate the magnitude and direction of soccer
ball after the collision.
Figure 3.6
1
u

Before collision After collision

m
1
m
2
m
1
1
v

50
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Solution :

From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,


The x-component of linear momentum,


=
f i
p p

x 2 2 x 1 1 x 2 2 x 1 1
v m v m u m u m + = +
; s m 20 ; kg 0.900 ; kg 0.250
1
= = =
1 2 1
u m m

0 ; s m 4 ; 0
1
5 v u
1 1 2
= = =


=
fx ix
p p

PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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Solution :
The y-component of linear momentum,






Magnitude of the soccer ball,




Direction of the soccer ball,

=
fy iy
p p

( ) ( )
2
y 2
2
x 2 2
v v v + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
v
v

2
2
1
2
tan
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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1. An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4
ms
1
collides elastically with another object Q of mass
2 kg moving with a velocity 3 ms
1
towards it.
a. Determine the total momentum before collision.
b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate
the final velocity of Q.
c. If the two objects stick together after the collision,
calculate the final velocity of both objects.
ANS. : 10 kg ms
1
; 5 ms
1
to the right; 1.7 m s
1
to the right
Exercise 3.2 :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Figure 3.7
2. A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s
1
strikes an identical ball
that is initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has
been deviated by 45 from its original direction, and the struck
ball moves off at 30 from the original direction as shown in
Figure 3.17. Calculate the speed of each ball after the
collision.
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Exercise 3.2 :
ANS. : 8.80 m s
1
; 12.4 m s
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
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THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 4 :
FORCE