ECGD 4122 Foundation Engineering

Lecture 4
Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning
Civil Engineering Department
2
nd
Semester 2008/2009

Content
Shear Strength
Subsoil Exploration
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
Total Stresses:
Coulomb approximation for shear stress on the
failure plane:
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
Shear Strength Measurement
Based on Mohrs circle criteria, two ways are
possible to cause failure:
First:
Increase the normal stress in one direction
Shear Strength Measurement
Second:
Apply shear directly
Shear Strength Measurement
o
3
=0
o
1
Direct Shear
Uniaxial Compression
Shear Strength Measurement
Unconfined compression
test is used when | = 0
assumption is valid
Triaxial compression is a
more generalized version
The soil sample is first
compressed isotropically
and then sheared by axial
loading
o
1

o
3
Triaxial Compression
Shear Strength Measurement
Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear Test
Direct Shear Test
Unconfined Compression Test
For clay soils
Cylindrical specimen
No confining stresses
(i.e. o
3
= 0)
Axial stress

= o
1



o
3
= 0

o
1
Uniaxial Compression
o
3
=0
o
1
Uniaxial Compression
Unconfined Compression Test
Unconfined Compression Test Data
( )
c
c
A
P
A
A
l
l
=

=
A
=
o
c
c
1
0
0
Unconfined Compression Test Data
2
u
u
u
q
Strngth Shear Undrained S
Strength n Compressio Unconf ined q
= =
=
Unconfined Compression Test Data
o
3
=0
o
1
Uniaxial Compression
o
t
o
1

Horiz. plane
Max. shear
plane
Unconfined Compression Test
Unconfined Compression Test
Triaxial Compression Test
Triaxial Compression Test
Triaxial Compression Tests
Unconsolidated Undrained (UU-Test);
Also called Undrained Test
Consolidated Undrained Test (CU-
Test)
Consolidated Drained (CD-Test); Also
called Drained Test
Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Test
for Undisturbed Soils
Shear Strength
in terms of Total Stress
Shear Strength in terms of effective
stress



Shear strength in terms of total
stress
| o tan + = c s
u =
'
o o
| o
' '
+
'
= tan c s
hydrostatic pore pressure
Shear Strength
Total Stress - | = 0 condition
Shear strength in terms of total
stress



For cohesive soils under saturated
conditions, | = 0.
| o tan + = c s
c s
u
=
Shear
Strength,S
Normal Stress, o
C
| = 0
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
Boring
Sampling
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Vane Shear Test
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Observation of Water Table
Subsoil Exploration
Boring
Boring Spacing
ASTM Method
Boring
ASTM Method for Calculating Depth of Boring
Boring
Auger
3-5 m deep
Hand-driven
Boring Methods
Boring Methods
Flight Auger
1-3 steps
Tractor
mounted
Boring Methods
Rotary drilling
Wash boring
Standard Split Spoon
The sampler is driven into the soil at the
bottom of the borehole by means of hammer
blows.
Sampling
Common Sampling Methods
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Standard Split Spoon
The number of blows required for driving the
sampler through three 152.4 mm (6)
intervals is recorded. The sum of the
number of blows required for driving the last
two 152.4 mm (6 in.) intervals is defined as
the standard penetration number (N).
Sampling
Common Sampling Methods
Standard Penetration Number
Standard Penetration Number
Vane Shear Test
Vane Shear Test
K
T
C
u
=
Vane Shear Test
Measures:
The Cone Resistance
The Frictional Resistance
Cone Penetration Test
Cone Penetration Test
Cone Penetration Test
Cone Penetration Test
Assignment # 1
Determine the effective stress at point X for the
two cases shown below. The drawing is not to
scale. Take
sat
= 19 kN/m
3
.

Assignment # 1
(a) Static condition:
o = (9.81)(0.6) + (19)(1) = 24.89 kPa
u = (0.6 + 1)(9.81) = 15.70 kPa
o = o u = 9.19 kPa
Flow-down condition:
i = Ah/L = 0.6/3.0 = 0.2
o = (9.81)(0.6) + (19)(1) = 24.89 kPa
u = (0.6 + 1)(9.81) - (0.2)(1.0)(9.81) = 13.73 kPa
o = o u = 11.16 kPa
Assignment # 2
A soil deposit is composed of clay with
Sat
= 20
kN/m
3
. The GWT is at the ground surface.
Calculate the shear strength on a horizontal
plane at a depth of 10m, if c = 5 kPa and | = 30.
Assignment # 2
t = c + otan|

o = (20)(10) (9.81)(10) = 101.9 kPa



t = 5 + (101.9)(tan30) = 63.83 kPa
Assignment # 2
A drained direct shear test is performed on a
normally consolidated silty soil. The soil sample
is 75 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height. The
vertical load is 883 N and the shear force at
failure is 618 N. Calculate c and |.
Assignment # 2
Drained test t = c + otan|
Normally consolidated soil c = 0
t = c + otan| t = otan| | = tan
-1
(t/o)
t = S/A = 618/[t(37.510
-3
)
2
]
t = 139.89 kPa
o = N/A = 883/[t(37.510
-3
)
2
]
o = 199.87 kPa
| = tan
-1
(139.89/199.87) ~ 35
Quiz # 1
Determine the height of
water level (H) above the
surface of gravel, given
that the flow rate (q) is to
be maintained at 40 liters
per second.
Quiz # 1
q
1
= q
2
= q = 4010
-3
m
3
/s
a
1
= a
2
= a = tr
2
= t(0.75)
2
= 1.767 m
2
v
1
= v
2
= v = q/a = 2.26410
-2
m/s
i
1
= v
1
/k
1
= 2.26410
-2
/1010
-2
= 0.2264
i
2
= v
2
/k
2
= 2.26410
-2
/110
-2
= 2.264
i
1
= 0.2264 = Ah
1
/L
1
= (H + 1 z)/(1.0)
i
2
= 2.264 = Ah
2
/L
2
= (z + 1)/(1.0)
Solving the equations for z and H
z = 1.264 m
H = 0.4904 m
Quiz # 1
Quiz # 2
For a clay deposit: C
c
= 0.4 and C
r
= 0.05,
determine the final void ratio for each of the
following loading conditions:
a) Initially o' = 50 kPa, e = 1.2, Finally o' = 90 kPa,
and given that o'
pc
= 100 kPa
b) Initially o' = 50 kPa, e = 1.2, Finally o' = 190
kPa, and given that o'
pc
= 100 kPa
Quiz # 2
C = slope = Ae/Alogo = (e
i
e
f
)/log(o
f
/o
i
)
(a) 0.05 = (1.2 e
f
)/log(90/50)
e
f
= 1.187

(b) Two stages:
0.05 = (1.2 e
fi
)/log(100/50)
e
fi
= 1.185
0.4 = (1.185 e
f
)/log(190/100)
e
f
= 1.073