4G Technologies(Wimax Mobile, LTE, CDMA 450/800)

Irinel OLARIU - Voice&Data Offers Project Manager , TD/NET/CT&IP Network Group April 14th 2010, presentation for Orange Telecom University

Agenda
1. Introduction to (MBWA) Networks 2. WIMAX Mobile 3. Introduction to LTE 4. Introduction to CDMA 450/800 5 Conclusions

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1. Introduction to Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Networks

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Introduction to (MBWA) Networks

The choice of mobile network technology to use is becoming more difficult. In developed European markets the choice has been, and continues to be driven to a large extent, by existing assets and the 3GPP roadmap. However in other markets things are not so straightforward and a host of considerations are required including regulatory and spectrum restrictions, degree of mobility, coverage and capacity performance. Several technologies for mobile data broadband emerged in the last few years such as: evolutions of HSPA, LTE, WiMAX, CDMA450/800, Flarion Flash-OFDM, IP Wireless TD-CDMA etc. They all have a strong ability to manage bursty traffic (small packets) without undue real time constraints, and recent optimization allows real time services offers (voice and video) with acceptable quality of service. Some of the technologies described in earlier version of this document did not get enough industry support and it seems now clear that they wont get massively deployed. This is the case for Flarion Flash-OFDM and IP Wireless solutions for example.

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Introduction to (MBWA) Networks(cont)

With regard to latency, 3G has closed the apparent gap with WiMAX to a very large extent with R6 HSPA. Furthermore, HSPA+ Rel7 will deliver improvements that should allow its performance to match or exceed other technologies and provide an excellent wide-area underlay to potential LTE networks. The targets for LTE should exceed those of the other systems and approach the user perception levels associated with DSL.

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Introduction to (MBWA) Networks(cont)

All technologies are not at the same level of maturity, making it difficult sometimes to compare. This is why the roadmaps and timing are described, and when applicable, it is specified whether the figures are resulting from simulation, trials or simply claimed by the suppliers. This report covers the following technologies: HSPA, LTE, Fixed and Mobile WiMAX, and CDMA 450/800.

It is structured as follows:
A technology by technology description covering essential aspects, coverage, capacity, trial results and equipment roadmaps. A comparison of LTE versus mobile WIMAX performance

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2. WIMAX Mobile

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WIMAX Mobile
Many technical options exist in WiMAX systems: the standard on which it is based (802.16d or 802.16e), the frequency in which it operates, the channels mode (TDD, FDD) and the channel bandwidth (3.5MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz, 10 MHz). Therefore it is important to specify the associated options when we speak about WiMAX performance. Fixed WiMAX (802.16d) and Mobile WiMAX (802.16e) are not compatible. This means that a 16d network can NOT be upgraded in 16e (all base stations and terminals need to be replaced and the architecture is also different.
Fixed WiMAX (802.16-2004 or 16d) is mainly targeting Fixed and Portable applications, where the CPE is either a rooftop (often directional) outdoor antenna or an indoor desktop modem. Mobile WiMAX (802.16e) is targeting nomadic and mobile applications using datacards/PC terminals, but could be also deployed for fixed usage with fixed outdoor/indoor CPEs.

Technology trials have been conducted for both technologies:

WiMAX 16d with Alvarion equipments in 2005 in LA Salvetat (France) in FDD at 3.5 GHz and 3.5 MHz channel bandwidth, using outdoor CPE with directive antenna, which is typical of a Fixed WiMAX deployment. WiMAX 16e in 2007 in Poland with Samsung equipments, in TDD at 3.5GHz and 10MHz channel bandwidth, using PMCIA cards.
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WIMAX Mobile

Coverage 802.16e has been developed mainly for Nomadic and Mobile usage. Therefore, PCMCIA cards and laptops are the typical target CPE for this system. Such CPE have very low antenna gain. Furthermore, the envisaged spectrum for Mobile WiMAX (2.5 GHz or 3.5 GHz) is not very favourable from a radio propagation point of view. Therefore, many features will be implemented (mostly in Wave 2 products) to improve the link budget such as:
UL sub channelling, turbo codes, repetition, and AAS. With these enhanced features implemented, we can consider that the coverage of WiMAX and 3G are similar, as long as they are deployed in equivalent spectrum bands, i.e HSPA @ 2.1Ghz and WiMAX @ 2.3 or 2.5 Ghz have similar cell coverage. At 3.5GHz, the radio propagation is worse and WiMAX coverage is significantly reduced.

WiMAX 16e coverage was found to be uplink limited due to terminal power limitation.

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WIMAX Mobile

Mobile WiMAX products will work in TDD mode in either 5 MHz, 7MHz or 10 MHz channel bandwidths, and spectral efficiency is equivalent for each bandwidth:

Spectral efficiency is in the range of ( 9 Mbps/10MHz*2/3)/3= 0.45bit/s/Hz for Downlink and (3 Mbps/10MHz*1/3)/3= 0.3 bit/s/Hz for Uplink. Wave 2 features, such as MIMO should improve the spectral efficiency, especially in noise limited environments (indoor, micro cells). A trial of Wave 2 multiuser features was conducted in Samsung premises in Sept 2008. Sprint just opened a WiMAX network in the US with a frequency re-use of 3.

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WIMAX Mobile

Latency

A RTT of around 100ms was measured in the Poland 16e trial in 2007, whichis significantly worse than the advertised latencies for WiMAX (~50ms).

Mobility

Handover experience in mobility on the Poland trial was surprisingly good given the basic nature of the procedure. HO interruption time was stable:~77ms for intersector,~92ms for inter-BS, and the session continuity was ensured with a minimum impact on throughput.

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3.LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

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LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

Introduction LTE or Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aimed at evolving 3GPP radio access technology towards a high data rate, low latency and packet optimised technology. The key targets for LTE regard headline data rates, reduced latency, spectrum flexibility, reduced cost per bit and ability to operate efficiently in an all-IP environment with no circuitswitched domain meaning VOIP for voice calls. Reduction of cost per bit will be the main driver for LTE. The air interface for LTE is OFDM downlink and SC-FDMA uplink. The mobility management functions currently performed by the RNC are devolved to the Node B for LTE ie it has a Collapsed architecture. It targets a flexible use of spectrum, with several bandwidths defined: 1.4 / 3 / 5 / 10 / 15 and 20 MHz.

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LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

The LTE advanced antenna system will use adaptive MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out) with a minimum of 2 antennas at each end of the link (ie 2 antennas at the basestation and 2 receive antennas at the terminal). The system will adapt between beam-forming and multi-stream transmission modes depending on the propagation environment of the terminal. OFDM is inherently better suited to MIMO schemes than WCDMA and this should enable LTE MIMO to generate higher system gains than WCDMA with lower receiver complexity. Performance LTE will be optimised for low mobility, but will also support high speed mobility with tolerable performance degradation. LTE standardization should be completed in March 2009, so performance figures are currently based upon simulations. Initial test results from prototype equipments are available from LSTI forum, and more results will be available from trials in 2009-2010, which progressively will be based upon equipment adhering more and more closely to the evolving Orange Romania - France Telecom Group Implementing various QoS mechanisms standard.

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LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

Coverage The coverage of LTE will depend on the operating frequency. It is currently foreseen that LTE will be deployed first at 2.6 GHz when available, then maybe in 1800 or 900 MHz when re-farming GSM bands. Initial link budget analysis has shown that coverage of LTE at 2.6 GHz could be equivalent as the HSPA coverage as 2.1GHz, so the same sites can be reused. This topic still needs more internal study. Latency

LTE has a reduced latency of 10 ms radio RTT and less than 20 ms end to end RTT in user plane and 100 ms in control plane.

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4. CDMA 450/800

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CDMA 450/800

Introduction CDMA450/800 are CDMA2000 systems deployed in the 450MHz and 800MHz band respectively, which includes the family of standards developed by 3GPP2 for the radio technologies: CDMA2000 1X (Rel.0 and Rev.A), EV-DO (Rel.0,Rev.A) and EV-DV (no commercial). CDMA450/800 belongs to the 3GPP2 family of standards and there is no provision for interworking with GSM or WCDMA. In terms of performance, CDMA2000 does not have any strong advantage over UMTS or other technologies, but it is widely available at 450 Mhz. This band offer excellent radio propagation, which is why CDMA450 is a good option in some markets. The bandwidth for CDMA2000 is very limited (1.25MHz) and so capacity is restricted. This makes CDMA450 only appropriate for low density coverage. If the traffic grows too much, the cells would have to be split to provide greater capacity, thus negating one of the main advantages of CDMA450.

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CDMA 450/800
Coverage

Sonatel CDMA450 deployment showed very large cell ranges. But it has to be noted that very high gain antennas at both the BS and the terminal are used.
High gain 450MHz antennas are typically twice the size of the equivalent gain 900MHz antenna. Therefore available space on the tower head-frame plus wind loading must be taken into consideration when planning a CDMA450 site. A 450MHz terminal with integrated antenna would likewise give poor performance, whereas the FWA terminal equipment can use an external antenna (twig or yagi) with superior gain. This is a reason why CDMA450 lends itself to a fixed wireless application. Sector & user throughput

Sonatel have deployed CDMA450 for rural fixed-wireless coverage using their existing GSM site portfolio. The basic offering is CDMA 1X which gives 153 kbps in the downlink and 38 kbps in the uplink. A smaller number of sites have been upgraded to EVDO on a 2nd carrier which gives 2 Mbps in the downlink and 153 kbps in the uplink.
Latency Radio RTT was measured in a field trial in Tibet with Huawei equipments and was in average 250ms.
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5. Questions?