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Frame creation
Source MAC Destination MAC Source IP Destination IP

Burned on the NIC

- ARP - Proxy ARP

- Static - Dynamic (RARP , BOOTP , DHCP)

DNS

- Source MAC

Burned on the NIC

- Source IP
1- by static configuration

- Source IP
2- dynamic :
- RARP : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol - BOOTP : Bootstrap protocol
- unlike RARP, BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as well as the address of a router, the address of a server, and vendor-specific information. - The administrator must add hosts and maintain the BOOTP database ( set up an individual profile for each device ).
my MAC is What is my IP ? Your IP is 192.168.10.97
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- Source IP
- DHCP :
- Dynamic host configuration protocol

- DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically without the network administrator having to set up an individual profile for each device.
- a range of IP addresses on a DHCP server is defined . - the entire network configuration of a computer can be obtained in one message from the server.

- Destination IP
DNS :

Application specified in the TCP/IP suite Means to translate human-readable names into IP addresses

- Destination MAC
- ARP :
- each PC form an ARP table containing the learned MACs

- Destination MAC
- Proxy ARP :
A

B A
B

Router R I take care, to forward IP packets to B Broadcast Message to all: If your IP address matches B then please tell me your Ethernet address

Yes, I know the destination network, let me give you my Ethernet address 9

TCP/IP Transport Layer

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Introduction to the Transport Layer

The primary duties of the transport layer, Layer 4 of the OSI model, are to transport and regulate the flow of information from the source to the destination, reliably and accurately. End-to-end control and reliability are provided by sliding windows, sequencing numbers, and acknowledgments.

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Transport Layer Functions

Transport Layer is responsible for the following segmentation of data error detection addressing of upper layer application using port numbers Multiplexing to allow multiple applications to be handled the same connection support of reliable and unreliable data delivery mechanisms for reliable data delivery: Establishment of connection (3-way handshake) Management of connection reliability (sequencing and acknowledgements) flow control (Buffering, congestion avoidance, Ready/not ready, windowing) error correction (windowing) Termination of connection (4-way handshake) Transport Layer protocols are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

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 Session multiplexing Segmentation Flow control (when required) Connection-oriented (when required) Reliability (when required)

Layer 4 Addressing
Port Numbers :
Port numbers are classified to Well Known port (0-1023), it identifies different applications, ex:FTP(20,21), Telnet(23), SMTP(25), DNS(53), HTTP(80) User defined port (1024-65535), it is given randomly by the operating system for each session initiated by the hot
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Port Numbers

Connection establishment
3-Way Handshake :

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Multiplexing applications
2 1

12.0.0.1
13.0.0.1 web server

12.0.0.2

3 Source IP 1 2 3 12.0.0.1 12.0.0.1 12.0.0.2 Destination IP Source port Destination port 13.0.0.1 13.0.0.1 13.0.0.1 1200 1500 1200 80 80 80

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Connection management
- Sequencing & Acknowledgement :

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Flow Control
Flow control avoids the problem of a transmitting host overflowing the buffers in the receiving host.

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Flow Control
- Ready / Not Ready :

Flow Control
- Windowing (PAR):

error in
2 2 2 3

2
3

Flow Control
- Windowing (PAR):

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Connection termination (4-way handshake)

Ack, FIN Ack Ack, FIN Ack

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Transport layer protocols

- TCP :
- Transmission Control Protocol
- Connection oriented - Reliable service

- UDP :
- User Datagram Protocol

- Connectionless - Unreliable service

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TCP Characteristics
Operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack Provides applications with access to the network layer Connection-oriented protocol Full-duplex mode operation Error checking Sequencing of data packets Acknowledgement of receipt Data recovery features

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TCP Header

UDP Characteristics
Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models Provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of reliability mechanisms ( speedy ) Connectionless protocol Limited error checking Best-effort delivery No data recovery features
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UDP Header

Application Layer

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TCP/IP Application Layer Overview

File transfer FTP TFTP Network File System

E-mail
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Remote login Telnet

rlogin
Network management Simple Network Management Protocol Name management Domain Name System

Port Numbers

TCP/IP Protocol Stack