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= AY
( ) ( ) | |
22 . 3 100 *
68
440 , 1 ln 883 , 12 ln
% =
= AK
( ) ( ) | |
23 . 2 100 *
68
923 , 29 ln 180 , 137 ln
% =
= AL
( ) ( ) 84 . 23 . 2
3
2
22 . 3
3
1
39 . 3 % = = AA
1939 - 1948 1948 - 1973 1973-1993 1993-2007
Output
5.79 4.10 1.96 2.63
Capital
3.34 4.24 2.10 2.94
Labor
4.46 2.10 1.86 1.60
Productivity 1.71 1.28 0.02 0.59
A few things to notice:
Real GDP growth is declining over time.
Capital has been growing faster than labor
The contribution of productivity is diminishing!
Contributions to growth from capital, labor, and technology vary across time
period
Our model of economic growth begins with a production function
Real GDP
Productivity
Capital
Stock
Labor
Given our production function, economic growth can result
from
Growth in Labor
Growth in the capital stock
Growth in Productivity
3
2
3
1
L AK Y =
We are concerned with capital based growth. Therefore, growth in productivity
and employment will be taken as given
Productivity
grows at rate
A
g
Pop
Pop
LF
LF
L
L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Population
grows at rate
L
g
Employment
Labor Force
= Employment Ratio
( Assumed Constant)
Labor Force
Population
= Participation rate
( Assumed Constant)
3
2
3
1
L AK Y =
Our simple model of economic growth
begins with a production function with
one key property
Y
K
) , , ( L K A F
As the capital stock
increases (given a fixed
level of employment), the
productivity of capital
declines!!
K
Y
MPK
A
A
=
Change in Capital Stock
Change in Production
An economy cant grow through capital accumulation alone forever!
3
2
3
1
L AK Y =
K A
Y A
K A
Y A
Everything in this model is in per capita terms
3
2
3
1
L AK Y =
Divide both sides by labor to represent our variables in per capita terms
3
1
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
Ak
L
K
A
L L
L AK
L
Y
y =
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
Capital Per Capita
Productivity
Per capita
output
In general, lets assume lower case letters refer to per capita variables